What Makes You What You Are

record What make waters you the way you argon? Science News The fissiparous At much or less point in your life, youve probably filled in a spirit questionnaire (Do you see yourself as.? ), and wondered as you ticked the boxes if on that point merchantman re eithery be any validity to much(prenominal) a simplistic way of assessing pile. Surely the scores just reflect your desire on the day, or what you want the investigator to think back. Surely e real iodine gives the corresponding answer, which is it depends.Or sluice if the scores measure something, surely it is how the person sees themselves, alternatively than how they actually argon. In a new book, I examine what the extent of the science underlying spirit psychology really is. The answer is more than you would think. While it has endlessly been popular in business and pop psychology, and within academic psychology, personality research has been a poor relation to the representatives of the discipline with experiments and clayey objective measures. However, this is changing fast.The flying field of personality is undergoing a renaissance. The reasons for the renaissance argon several. Academics now sport some really grave long-term studies of the bid man-to-mans, and it turns out that those brief, simplistic, pencil-and-paper questionnaires render surprisingly useful properties. They produce a liberal range of selfdescriptions. The rejoinders ar fairly repeat sufficient over intervals of many years. They in any case correlate quite s advantageously up with ratings of the person given by their spouse, friends or colleagues.Much more importantly, though, the responses turn out to predict objective crimsonts. For example, in a famous cohort of gifted Californian children recruited in the 1920s, and who ar venerable or deceased now, personality scores numerical representations of answers to questions are substantive predictors of life expectancy. In a nonher long-term study, this time of Ameri stool unite couples, the quality and duration of the marriage is predicted by the personality scores of some(prenominal) parties prior to marriage. on that point are many other examples, with personality scores predicting stub addiction, problem gambling, and the onset of psychological illnesses. Of course the prediction is a statistical one you potty assign odds, non make oracular pronouncements simply this is how it forever and a day is in psychology. Humans are such manifold systems that you are happy to explain a portion of the random variable in outcomes, and never expect to explain it all. In recent years there has been re-create interest in personality assessment. This has been greatly aided by the fact that there is now a consensus on what the key variables are.Its early development, the field was greatly hampered by every investigator having his or her own scales, frequently using different names and measures for what turned out to b e the same thing, or indeed the same names for what turned out to be different things. But over the last 20 years, many studies in several different cultures make water shown that much of the systematic variation in personality can be reduced to scores along tail fin dimensions (the Big Five) Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, amenity, and Openness. Its important to stress that these are all persisting dimensions.That is, there are no discrete important to stress that these are all continuous dimensions. That is, there are no discrete types of person. Personality dimensions are a want height or weight, which vary continuously, not like being a left- or a right-hand writer. Your score on one dimension is independent of your scores on all the others, so there is an al approximately infinite diversity of different overall profiles possible. If developments within psychology have facilitated the renaissance of personality studies, it is at the interface with biology where the exciting developments are beginning to come.Neuroscientists have shown, mainly using the more and more sophisticated brain imaging techniques that are now available, that those simple pencil-and-paper personality scores correlate significantly with the size or neurophysiological responsiveness of specific regions of the brain. Moreover, these turn out to be the very regions that other types of turn up (evidence from brain damage, for example) would lead us to expect would be involved in that particular area of psychological function. Geneticists, too, are getting involved in personality research.It has recently become apparent that more of the gracious genome differs from individual to individual, even within our rather genetically homogenous species, than was previously thought. We hold up this inter alia from the complete sequence of Dr Craig Venters genome, which was published earlier this month. About 0. 5 per cent of the genetic information in his maternallyinherited g enome is different from his paternally-inherited one. Variant sequences consider nearly half his genes, and it is likely that in many cases those variants will have some functional effect on body, brain or behaviour.In a few cases, we even know which genetic variants have effects on personality. There is a gene that encodes a receptor molecule for the neurotransmitter dopamine, and which contains a repeating sequence whose length varies from person to person. A number of studies have found that the length of this sequence correlates with self-reported extraversion and reward-seeking behaviour. In another gene, the serotonin transporter, individuals with one variant are more likely to develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful life events than bearers of the other version.In a few years, we may be in the position of actually understanding the molecular bases of the differences in nature that we observe between healthy humans. (But note that genetic effects will not turn out to be the whole account only around half of the variation in personality looks like being heritable, with the rest probably shaped by early environmental exposures and other developmental processes. ) The other group of researchers getting interested in personality is evolutionists. Personalitylike variation has been found in organisms as diverse as fish, mammals and birds.Indeed, Darwins whole theory of evolution rests on the observation that individuals vary from one another. Without such variation there can be no born(p) selection and no evolutionary trade. The question for evolutionists is why you would get down variation persisting in existences, when selection alship canal reduces diversity in prefer of the optimal type. In fact, it turns out that there are often sixfold optima, even within a single habitat, with individuals of one type doing well under sealed conditions, while faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, nder trustworthy conditions , while faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, selection rarely narrows the population to uniformity because individuals with different qualities flourish in different contexts. I rather like this as a guiding framework for thinking astir(predicate) personality in modern-day humans. Rather than imagining that there is some personality profile that is uniformly good to have, lets assume that all have their strengths and all have their pitfalls. Indeed, the blend inure of any one profile to dominate the human population attests to their roughly equal fitness in the long run.So, whatever your score on the Big Five, the point is not to try to change it, or fight it. The point is to establish which niche within the complex ecology that is modern society will be a good one for you to ply your trade in, and which of the diverse dangers (social isolation, addiction, depression ) that lurk in our both beneficent and hazardous habitat are the ones against which you sh ould be just about vigilant. This is where self- intimacy comes in, and taking the personality test overleaf can be part of that. Scoring your personality wont tell you anything you dont know.Its based on how you see yourself, so logically it couldnt. But it can reveal to you how you compare to other masses, and can to a fault tap you into a wealth of accumulated psychological knowledge about the strengths and liabilities that other people similar to you have experienced. This is what the questionnaire and the interpretation overleaf are designed to do. Daniel Nettle is the author of Personality What Makes You the Way You be (? 12. 99), published by Oxford University Press. To order a copy for the special scathe of ? 11. 69 (with free P) call Independent Books Direct on 0870 079 8897, or visit www. ndependentbooksdirect. co. uk What kind of personality are you? Take this test to impress the truth Introducing the big five Once you have completed the questionnaire and added up yo ur scores, you should have an indication of whether you score beginning-toned, medium-low, medium- last, or gritty on individually of the Big Five dimensions of human personality. But what do these scores nasty? Here, I explore the Big Five to examine their effects on our lives. Extraversion This is a familiar concept. High-scorers are fun-seeking and cheerful, barely they are not necessarily immediate hedonists they are often ambitious and hard-working.They are also sexually adventurous and love to be the centre of attention. Low-scorers are not necessarily shy so much as aloof they can take or leave success, praise and pleasure. The best way to think about this dimension is in terms of response to reward. Society offers certain incentives money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people certain incentives money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people pursue them full-out, while others have a more muted response and thus wont w ork so hard to capture them.The strengths of high-scorers energy, charisma, drive, the ability to make things happen. The weaknesses a tendency to get bored, restlessness, infidelity, risky decisions. Strengths of lowscorers detachment, pursuit of intrinsic goals, prudence, fidelity. The weaknesses not thrusting themselves forward, not having fun, a flat emotional tone. There is no value-judgement about which of these is snap off from the point of view of a potential employer or spouse, but is certainly worth being aware of the likely pitfalls and most suitable habitats for your particular level of Extraversion.Conscientiousness Conscientiousness measures how good people are at setting themselves goals and sticking to them. High-scorers are disciplined, efficient and systematic. They can jib temptation and stick to priorities they have set themselves. In most modern occupations, and particularly those where you have to manage your own time and priorities, fairly high Conscientiou sness is advantageous. Low-scorers are more likely to get distracted from tasks, lift on plans, and succumb to weaknesses of the will. Indeed, low Conscientiousness is a risk factor out for developing addictions of all kinds.Being high in Conscientiousness is not always an unalloyed benefit, though. Sometimes it is indeed important to stick to plans. But at other times it is important to be able to change them on a sixpence. Very high scorers are perceived as grim, pedantic, unspontaneous, even miserly. There is even a name for excessive Conscientiousness neurotic personality disorder and this is a very socially disabling condition. There are many human activities, including, crucially, social relationships, where it is essential to be able to respond in the moment to your environment as it changes.Highly conscientious people are rigid, often sticking to tasks and plans even when the point of them has been overtaken by events, or when the pick outs of others around them requir e spontaneous reorganising of priorities. Thus, if you are very low in Conscientiousness, for the sake of your career, your health, and your wellbeing, you may need to work effortfully at beholding your plans through, and being selfdisciplined. If you are a very high scorer, you may need to learn to be more spontaneous and intuitive, again for the benefits that this will sum up in terms of flexibility and improved social relationships.Neuroticism I would like to dispel the notion that Neuroticism is always a bad thing, a kind of pathology, and that the best level of Neuroticism to have is a very low one. The evidence for the prosecution yes, high-scorers live their lives under the Damoclean swords of depression, anxiety, stress, and disappointment. Whatever the dry land says about them, they are often uncomfortable in their inner lives, and go through life either with bouts of difficult times, or with a unending vague feeling that something is not quite right.However, if we thin k logically, negative emotions, such as worry, are always going to be there for a reason. One would not want to be entirely without worry. It would be as damaging to life decisions as the inability to feel physical torment is to peripheral physiology. High Neuroticism scorers can bring to bear massive powers of deep thought, detailed analysis, novel insight. They care about the elaborate that others cant be bothered to follow up. Under some circumstances they do well academically. If you are a high-scorer, you may well be a member of a thinking profession such as an academic or a writer.High Neuroticism scorers, then, have hidden advantages. The challenge for them is to find ways to deal with the negative sequels of their personality. Some people respond well to cognitivebehavioural therapy, some to meditation, many to exercise. Low-scorers, too, have disadvantages. You probably dont suffer much in life, which is good, but maybe you are not thoughtful enough. perhaps you let de tails go, and dont think deeply enough about future drawbacks or problems. Maybe you are too carefree or rose-spectacled to see every potentiality. amenity Agreeableness is a dimension of empathy towards others.High-scorers are often found in caring professions such as nursing and counselling.. They have larger-than-average social networks, and their relationships with others are harmonious. They dont get into fights and are generally slow to anger. By contrast, the very lowest-scorers are sociopaths they callously use others for their own ends. So far so good. It is better to be well-liked than to be a sociopath. However, in many fields, high Agreeableness reduces occupational attainment. Nice guys really do finish last, and moreover, plenty of our leadership have something of the sociopath about them.Successful artists and executives, though, tend to be rather low in Agreeableness. This means that the high Agreeableness scorer may not be prepared to be hard-headed. You may stay i n relationships that do you no good out of empathy for the others involved. Agreeableness is the most sexually-patterned of the Big Five, with no prizes for guessing women scoring more highly on average than men. This adds an provoke new perspective on the paucity of women in positions of power. Many of them find it difficult to be callous enough.Should we be encouraging them to be more callous, or trying to change what we reward? Openness Openness is a dimension of imagination. High-scorers make mental associations that go beyond what is given to the senses, or what is logically deducible. They are keen on poetry and the arts, and often have metaphysical or esoteric ideas. Nobody wants to be called un fanciful, but when you let on and think about it, it is not evident Nobody wants to be called unimaginative, but when you stop and think about it, it is not evident that being imaginative in this sense is necessarily useful in life.Low-scorers can be very intelligent and capable, though they will be oriented towards the pragmatical and the soluble. High-scorers will be more able and willing to venture into the domains of the aesthetic. However, they can also develop eccentric, paranormal or even delusional beliefs, and fail to solve simply resolvable practical problems. Neither a high nor a low score is inherently desirable it is simple a matter of harnessing the strengths that you have. www. independent. co. uk ht/w. needn. ou/essinepro tp/wwidpnetc. knw/cec/es nlt-htmksyutewyyuae426. tl aiywa-ae-o-h-a-o-r-069hm ht/o. lfg tp/gog/fS

The Relationship Among Working Memory

The customary focus of this research is to examine performance in standard cognitive frameworks and online lines. The researchers hope to examine the influence that math fretting exerts on mathematical cognition and to identify the processing components that ar so influenced. HYPOTHESIS The high the math disturbance, the lower the works retention competency, the higher the probability to get a low performance. VARIABLES IV math concernDV on the job(p) memory capacity, performance The independent variable math solicitude is manipulated into triple levels high, medium, low. The level of anxiety is determined through the use of sMARS (short math anxiety rating scale) is a 25-item version of the most widely used pulse of this construct, 98 item MARS. The sMARS assesses an singles level of apprehension and anxiety about math on a 1-5 Likert scale, asking for participants responses about how restless they would be made by various settings and experiences. The dependent var iables working memory capacity and performance.Salthouse and Bobcocks listening span (L-span) and computation span (C-span) tasks assessed participants working memory capacity by requiring them to store increasing adds of lyric poem or digits in working memory while processing uncomplicated verbal or arithmetic tasks. In L-span task, participants hear a number of round-eyed sentences, one by one, and must answer a simple question about rate of flow sentence before hearing the next. In C-span test, simple arithmetic businesss replace the sentences then the participants give the answer to distrisolelyively problem, one by one, and must recall the last number in each of the several problems within that, in order.In taste 2, participants see the problem and are timed as they produce its answer verbally. In experiment 3, participants were given the L-span and C-span plus they were given a letter transformation task to test working memory capacity and processes. In the performan ce, examines through the results of the intense working memory tasks. PROCEDURE Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 CONCLUSION The researchers concluded with two more general remarks. First, math anxiety is not epiphenomenon it is not a cognitive estimate about oneself that is unrelated to the nature of mental processing.For example, statistics students who do deplorablely on an exam claim that they become confused, are unable to focus on the task at hand, or keep thinking about how poor they are at math. Regardless of the subjectivity of these claims, they are entirely self-consistent with the researchers main result Math anxiety disrupts the on-going, task-relevant activities of working memory, slowing trim down performance and degrading its accuracy. Second, the researchers note the positive effects of following advice with which this word began that effect is an aspect of problem solving that deserves empirical attention.Cognitive investigations that include individual difference characteristics like math anxiety are rare, yet whitethorn prove useful in gaining an understanding of domain-specific cognitions. Furthermore, it now appears that customary assessments of working memory span, especially those using arithmetic stimuli, are sensitive to at least two classes of influences the central capacity and processing characteristics of the individual, to be sure, but likewise the transitory effects of anxiety in the testing situation.Given current and important efforts that relate working memory mechanisms to processes such as knowledge comprehension, memory retrieval, and the like, it would be sensible to consider the possibility that anxiety or other individual difference factors may be influencing both the assessments of individuals working memory span and their on-line performance. * The subjects were assigned to the treatment are confused - in experiment 1 the lower level undergraduate sychology classes were recruited and they are to receive a credit for participating, in experiment 2 they piss some subject from experiment 1 and the additional subjects volunteered their participation in return for extra credit, while in experiment 3 did again get additional subjects which also undergraduate psychology graduates . * The researchers used analysis of variance column 3 of table 2 (page 228) presents the correlation between sMARS and the rest variables, using math anxiety group (low, medium, high) as a between-subjects variable.They also used ANOVA two-way to see if the decline in capacity differed as a function of type of span task. * The objective of the excogitate was realized for they sacrifice gathered two general remarks form their experiments and they have explained well the conclusions they have made regarding the relationship among working memory, math anxiety and performance.

Journal Outline

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVERTISING forge PROCESS JOURNALS (BDG56160) 1. 0DESIGN JOURNAL MANDATORIES A plan ledger is meant to show your acquisition progress and development as a Graphic Designer/ ruse Director. It is YOUR journal, so it should reflect who you atomic number 18 when people read your journal. ? A4/A3 in size. DO NOT use a readily bound black sketchbook. cache and print all your notes, research and etc on loose A4 paper. Bind your journal with the standard black comb binding l. Create dividers to categorize the diametrical sections of your journal. Example course of instruction notes, personal research, the antithetical assignments, appendix, referencing and etc (according to the contents and what you have). ? A design for the cover of the journal including your particulars (name, student ID, class and etc). The cover must accept a masthead bearing the words publicise Design journal ? Must be typed and printed with a margin of at least 1inch on all sides of the doc ument.CHECKLISTS These be the things that must be included in your Advertising Design Journal ? Weekly Self Reflective What have you learnt for this week? Not just for this module but also for the other modules you are taking and also what youve learnt personally outside of the campus. Do include structural feedbacks, comments, suggestions and other engaging thoughts on how to improve yourself, reflections and developments of that particular week. Must be done every week. Class Notes Include all your class notes and handouts here. ? Class Exercises & Homework Include all given class exercises and homework here. ? The Assignments (in different sections) Include all sketches, mind maps, research, rationale, appendices, test prints, printouts, referencing and etc. ? Personal look into Include all personal research, cut out from magazines, postcards, designs, innovations, articles, book reviews and etc which armed service improve your skills as a Graphic Designer in this category. This proves that you are doing your own personal research and development which complements your overall performance in terms of participation. All research included must be HIGHLIGHTED or UNDERLINED. Write your comments and feedback at the right side margins of the pages. DO NOT prorogue researches without any proof of study. ? Referencing Include the references for all your research here. Please sustain to the Har vard Referencing. c(an use this generator http//www. harvardgenerator. com or /http//libweb. anglia. ac. uk/referencing/harvard. htm for more information)

Literal Intelligence Collection

Literal word Collection National Intelligence and the NSA wireless intermeddle program Intelligence Collection Sources and Challenges February 13, 2012 In the aftermath of 9/11 the learning companionship (IC) felt pressure from all directions. Employees of the IC, sexual congress, and the general creation wanted questions answered as to wherefore our nation didnt know an brush up was imminent. This disaster of intelligence caused a shake up within the stallion IC, leading to many future kinds. One much(prenominal) change was in communications intelligence (COMINT) collection.According to Cummings (2006), death chair George W. Bush said that he authorized NSA to intercept the world(prenominal) communications of people with known cogitate to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations in the weeks following the September eleventh terrorist attacks (p. 6). The Presidents decision had many repercussions. I will question the parameters of the decision, the trouble issues associated with it that lead to such controversy, and the impact it had on national intelligence and the NSA.What led to this drastic decision by the U. S. President? The United States was blind-sighted in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which resulted in the death of 2,977 innocent Americans. This was the largest attack in the history of the U. S. on our soil and although the signs were on that point for the intelligence community to see, it was erroneously not put together. Much of the attack stemmed from communications among terrorist or those connected and working with terrorist within our Country, and this was unacceptable.In come in to defend against such communications, according to Lichtblau & Risen (2005), Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency has monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the previous(pren ominal) three years in an effort to track possible revolting numbers linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, quiesce seeks warrants to monitor entirely home(prenominal) communications.The sole end of the NSA program was to safeguard our national trade protection system in a more expansive, efficient manner. The center on lawfulness and security (2007) states this removement to demonstrate all of the substantive and procedural elements of FISA to the lawyer Generals satisfaction before any surveillance can begin, would fatally debase the Presidents ability to carry out his constitutional responsibility to collect external intelligence to protect our Nation from attack (p. 9).Any implementation involving citizens loneliness is assured to draw controversy, and the root of the problem with this program was a management issue. The President, DCI, and the music director of the NSA should open informed the head of the Senate Select and Congressional ch arge committees with a more in depth understanding of the changes and the concealment. A mean should have been in government agency to deal with leaks to the public of the changes, and a more detailed description of the amendment to the insurance should have been created and kept under throw a counsel and key.Intelligence collection involves many activities that citizens (lacking all of the facts), may deem unconstitutional. The problem with this is close of the time the facts are not available to the general population, media, and even authentic members of the Congressional oversight committees, for fear of an operation leak. Much of what the IC does mustiness re primary(prenominal) secret, at least until the aftermath (which could be years later). In regards to the topic at hand, authorization of warrantless wireless intercept by the NSA, the main problem arose due to management failures in the implementation of such a controversial topic.The center on law and security (2007 ) states, Critics of the NSA program do not necessarily object to the type of surveillance, but rather to the way in which it has been authorized, and to the absence of any oversight (p. 10). The Congressional oversight committees dispense as a checks and balance to the IC and the President informed the heads of the committees (Gang of Eight) of his computer programme to authorize wireless intercepts on Americans. Cummings (2006) states, the executive sleeve had expressage its briefings of the legislative branch to the Gang of Eight.They further asserted that the executive branch had prohibited them from sharing any information about the program with congressional colleagues (p. 7). In the aftermath, it seems the Gang of Eight did not understand the necessity of quiet behind this information. The President should have explained the reasoning behind the secrecy and why the information was limited to the Gang of Eight. If the Gang of Eight understood the parameters and restriction s in place, they could better defend the plan when future problems arose. Preparations hould have been in place for dealing with the public if and when the time came that the media caught wind of the wireless intercept. At whatsoever point the President should expect that the public would have to be intercommunicate with most details defending his actions. There should have been regulations in place, describing the limits the NSA still had to endure when it came to U. S. citizens. When reports came out in 2005, there was much confusion as to what exactly the President had authorized, and if there were limits in place for the NSA. A failure to properly address the issue allowed the media to run wild with stories, further outraging critics.Silence and secrecy only added to the problem of distrust of the IC. In preparation, President Bush should have had a detailed description of the amendment to the policy, with restrictions still in place for the NSA. This policy should have been dated at the time it went into effect, signed by the President, the DCI, the Director of NSA and the Gang of Eight and kept in the possession of the Director of the NSA. Having a signed document would serve the future purpose of showing there was knowledge of the parameters of the amended policy.If this policy had to become public (open source) at some point, it would hopefully show that Management had made an organized effort of implementing change and involved as many officials as possible under the authorized circumstances. The National Security Agency (NSA) has the task of protecting U. S. national security systems through the use of signal intelligence (SIGINT), to include COMINT. Prior to the President giving authorization to warrantless domestic eavesdropping following 9/11, the NSA had to obtain a court approved warrant in order to eavesdrop on a U.S. citizens communications, otherwise known as a FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) warrant. According to the center on law and security (2007) FISA warrants require probable cause to suspect that an individual is acting either for a opposed power (including terrorist organizations) or as an agent of a foreign power, a target (a cell phone, a computer, a BlackBerry, or a landline phone, for example), and that foreign intelligence be a significant purpose of the warrant (p. ). NSA is no stranger to negative public perception regarding their unconstitutional practices. This wireless intercept program put the agencys written report at stake once again. Reports of the NSA having access to most Americans phone records detailing their calls and communications is cause for concern for critics. Due to a lack of proper implementation, notifications and opportunity for oversight, the NSA and the IC has to climb another acclivitous battle to win back the trust of Americans.Dilanian (2011) states, U. S. intelligence officials insist that the juvenile surveillance powers have been crucial to stopping terro rist plots. Hopefully, some of the more youthful successes in the community can erase the impact of failures and the intelligence community can improve their reputation once again. References Cummings, Alfred (2006). Statutory procedures under which Congress is to be informed of U. S. intelligence activities, including covert actions NSA domestic surveillance.Congressional Research renovation Dilanian, Ken (2011). 9/11, ten years after, more surveillance A legacy of watchful eyes The government eavesdrops on U. S. citizens as never before. Los Angeles Times Aug 30, 2011. Tuesday Home Edition. Lichtblau, E. & Risen, J. (2005). Bush lets U. S. spy on callers without courts. The unseasoned York Times, Dec 16, 2005. doi 942423341 The Center on Law and Security at the NYU school of Law (2007). The NSA wiretapping program. For The Record, 1(Jan) 1-16.

Psychological Factors in Health Essay

Psychological Factors in Health By Samantha Weitzell Axia College of the University of phoenix Contracting an illness rather it be the flu, a cold, or plain tinder disease rear end have many factors, some including genetic and lifestyle. Most of us only look at genetic factors when it comes to our health. If our granny knot had mucklecer then we exit probably contract it as vigorous. This is not entirely true, studies show that behavior, culture, environmental and stress toilet make a big difference in our health.Chapter 4 in our book states the multicultural model is The belief that health and illness be a exploit of multiple factors involving biological, mental, and cultural domains, and their interactions (Axia College, 2009, hebdomad Four reading). When we think about psychological factors much(prenominal) as anxiety or depression we tend to deliberate those only affect our mental health, however preventing or controlling these psychological illnesses can have po wer on our physical health and wellhead existence. Psychological factors in any case are important in understanding and treating aesculapian disorders. wholeness medical disorder that is one of the biggest stress related are headaches. In the unify States 20% of the population suffer from severe headaches (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). There are two types of headaches to discuss those are massiveness tension headaches and megrim headaches. Muscle tension headaches are startd from the contraction of hefts in the shoulder, head and neck. When our body is experiencing a great deal of stress these muscles bulge out to contract constantly causing us to have a muscle tension headache.Blowing issues out of proportion can lead to these headaches as well. tension headaches come on gradually, most people will experience distressingness on both sides of the head and pressure throughout the head (Gorman & Park, 2002). One out of every ten Americans experience migraine hea daches. A migraine headache is a throbbing headache reasond by wavelike bagging of neurons on the brain, which create ripples of neural activity that reach pain centers in the brain stem (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading).Muscle tension headaches will experience pain on both sides of the head where in a migraine headache you will only experience pain on one side. Muscle tension headaches usually go away inside a few hours at the most whereas migraine headaches can cash in ones chips hours or even days at a time. These types of headaches can cause blurred vision, sensitivity to things such as smells or light, nausea, and loss of eating. The cause of migraine headaches are said to be complex and not well understood. Most Doctors feel it is due to an dissymmetry of blood flow and imbalance of neuron activity in the brain.There are many things that can trigger these headaches such as stress, hormones, drug use, and even certain types of chemicals. agree to the American Heart A ssociation Coronary Heart Disease also known as CDH is the leading cause of death in the United States (American Heart Association, 2000). The choices we make and our behavior actually have a magnanimous effect on our risk of suffering from CHD. There are kind of a few factors determining this. Our family account statement does have some effect but, there are also many other psychological make we will discuss as well.A person who has a family history of CHD is most likely to contract it then others. Someone with psychological conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure or cholesterol are also at high risk. Many times when we feel upset we think our blood pressure is too high but, that is not eer true that is why it is important to get this checked regularly. Our eating habits can play a role in our risk for heart disease. all over eating, smoking and alcoholism are some of the most common. Type A behavior can have an effect on developing heart disease.Type A behavior is someone that is usually impatient, aggressive, feel rushed, and under a great amount of stress. Reducing these types of behavior patterns can suffice lower our risk of developing heart problems and even many other health issues. One CHD is developed we can undergo surgery and care medication. There are quite a few different ship canal that we can prevent developing this disease and eliminate risk of being one of those every ten Americans that suffer from CHD. One of the biggest challenges we face that we can change is to stop smoking, controlling our weight and to follow a effectual diet.All, three of these things are something that we control and we have the choice as to how we snappy our lifestyle. Keeping these types of things under control can help us in maintaining our health. Maintaining good behavior patterns and not living with a type A personality can help in reducing risks to heart disease. finding ways to relieve stress and hypertension such as simpleness exercises or working in jobs that do not put so much stress on our bodies are good ways in controlling this.

Dystopian Short Story- Year 11

He stood looking bundle, staring. Like every early(a) sunrise there was a paper crane lying on the ground. He picked it up and looked around hoping to catch the person who put it there, just there was no unrivaled else on the street. The paper crane was on his mind all day. The next aurora he left early. He planned on waiting for the person who forswears the paper cranes. He hid at the corner of the street, three houses subject from where the paper cranes always were.He had been rest indeed for twenty minutes and so far vigor had happened, so he stood to leave, entirely he stopped when he saw a girl emerge from the house that the paper cranes were always in forepart of. The girl looked around, then she lifted her fall in and in her hand she held a paper crane. She lightly threw the paper crane and it landed in the arrogate same spot I find the cranes day-to-day. She smiled and retreated back into the house. He watched the girl retreat back inside the house, then he wa lked all over and picked up the paper crane.Girl The next morning she got out of do and got dressed. She went over to her desk and selected a piece of paper with hearts all over it. She was halfway through making a paper crane when she hear music outside. She stood and walked out onto her balcony and looked down over the edge. The boy who took her paper cranes everyday stood on the sidewalk surrounded by all the paper cranes she had made. He was playing a soft melodic song on a guitar. He looked up and smiled. He handed the girl a rose. How was it did you equal it? He asked.She smiled at him and replied Yes. The girl started coughing, he frowned Are you dismal? She looked down Yes just a little.. she verbalize quietly. She said later that she was so sick she couldnt go to school for six months. I was wondering, why did you leave a paper crane out there every morning? He asked. Because I saw you walking by every morning The smiled You did that because you missed me, didnt you? . He smiled. This popularity of mine he laughed. By the way, Im gook. Whats your name? . summer she replied. spend? Thats so pretty He grinned HmmThen you siblings names would be Spring, Autumn and Winter? She smiled No Im an only electric shaver He looked horizonful How old be you? Seventeen she replied. What month birthday? He asked June. Since I am an April birthday, I guess that makes you the oldest He smiled. mirthful began to cough badly. Sunny she continued to cough Sunny? he said again Sunny goo was worried now Whats upon sunny? he put his arms on her shoulders. Are you alright Sunny? Sunny? The doctor walked out into the waiting room, and Max cannonball along to him. What happened? He asked. Her condition has gotten worsetheres no to a greater extent hope . summertimes parent, who were seated in the waiting room, got up from their seats. What? Summers mother said. The doctor turned to the parents, Didnt I say she should have gotten hospital trea tment earlier? Summers father looked sad, Our daughter, she wanted to stay home so badly. Summers mother was crying, What are we going to do? What are we going to do most our Summer? The doctor looked at them, I think its time for you to explicate yourselves Max grabbed the doctor, What does that stiff? Theres no month He said. Tears pull offed down Maxs cheeks, Excuse me? Doctor. come through her, pease? Doctor, Doctor He fell to the floor and cried. Please save her he cried, please. Max walked into the room where sunny lay in a bed within an enclosed glass area, he put his hand against the glass and looked down. Summer opens her eyes, and looks at him, I didnt want to draw myself deal this Max smiled kindly at her, Theres nothing wrong with it.Youll get better soon anyway. They said in about two weeks youll be fine. Max pulled out his ipod, I brought this so that you wouldnt be bored. He went to enter into the little room, You cant, You cant come in Summer said. Max pulled back Thenwhat should I do? I really wanted you to hear this song, its my preferred lately. He looked at Summers sad face and thought for a moment, then he put his ipod down, Listen carefully its called I just want you Max began to sing Theres something I gotta say to you, but Im so afraid of what youll do.Ooh ooh ooh ooh. Ill just admit this to you now, that Im stuck on you like glue somehow. Ooh ooh ooh ooh As he sang tears rolled down Summers cheeks. And thats how Maxs love lose as soon as it started Max pushed Summer around the hospital garden in a wheelchair, Man, its already spring. Summer, is there anywhere you want to go visit? Summer looked sad There is, but remember, I cant go Max looks down, Hey, what do you mean you cant go? Where is it? Tell me. Ill bring a private jet and draw off you wherever you want to go Summer smiles Really? Yes, really. So where is it? In my hometown theres a hill with a tree. Its the tree my dad planted the day I was born Max loo ked down in surprise, A tree? Yeah. I want to see how big its gottenbefore I conk Max stopped pushing Hey, why would you die? If you say that one more time, Im just going to kiss you. Summer smiles. In any case, dont worry. I promise to take you there That night, Max wraps a blanket around Summer and they soak out of the hospital. They get on a bus, and Summer sits with her head against Max and rests.After a while Sunny opens her eyes and without looking up she says I want to hear that song Max looks down at her I just want you she whispers. Really? Hold on. Max grabs his ipod and places the headphones in her ears, and presses play. He smiles and slides his hand through her hair lock of hair comes apart with his hand, and he looks at. Max leans his head against the window of the busand silently cries. Max is carrying Summer on his back as they walk down a tree lined road. Arent I heavy? She asks. No he smiles, Wow, my Summer is so light.You need to gain some weight. Im going to feed you chicken, hamburgers, and lots of vegetables Summer hates vegetables I cant eat vegetables she says. Fine, Then Ill eat them and get strong, so I can piggy back you every day. What if I get so fat you cant carry me? she asks. Max stops Hmmthen I can get just as fat, and we can roll around together Summer laughs Youre crazy she stops laugh and begins to cough. She puts a handkerchief against her mouth so she doesnt cough on Max and when she pulls it away its covered in blood. Max sees it and his eyes dilate in shock.

City of God Analysis

Edited by Kuulei PhotoWeekly Edited by Kuulei PhotoWeekly Based on a true figment, the mental picture urban center Of matinee idol tells the report card of a man named Wilson Rodrigues (also known as garden rocket) and how he became a photographer. Although that was the main storyline of the celluloid, it had many things to build up to him proper a photographer. In this city of god, missile and another guy named lil ze some(prenominal) grew up together in a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. One, Rocket, becomes a photographer and the other becomes a drug dealer. The director, Fernando Meirelles, illustrated a great story of how greed can ruin some mavins life.Lil Ze used to be called Lil Dice. He didnt like getting picked on by the h integrityst-to-goodness gang members so he started shooting out of his own go forth and killing innocent heap. Ever since then, he started his own gang and ask to be the top of everyone. He mandatory to have everything. For example, theres one part in the story where someone that he scorned (knockout ned) was in the paper, and he wasnt. He got furious at that one lowly thing. Why? because of his greed that he had. Compared to Rocket, where he has teensy greed, he appreciates the things that he is given.If Rocket was so greedy, he wouldnt have been this famous that he is now. It kind of reminds me of the presidential election thats going on proper(ip) now. Every candidate has greed. They need to have the most top-notch thing in the lead the other candidate gets it. We all cant help it, because the being is filled with this thing called greed. Because Lil Ze had so much greed, he killed innocent heap so that he could get money and become number one in the gang industry. I dont understand how volume cant just be more like Rocket.Although Rocket grew up in a bad environment, it didnt mean he had to live his whole life like that. Overall, this characterizations opus is all about greed and what you do with it. I wo uld give this painting a 5 out of 5. Although killings not worth the money, watching this movie is worth the money. Based on a true story, the movie City Of God tells the story of a man named Wilson Rodrigues (also known as Rocket) and how he became a photographer. Although that was the main storyline of the movie, it had many things to build up to him becoming a photographer.In this city of god, Rocket and another guy named lil ze some(prenominal) grew up together in a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. One, Rocket, becomes a photographer and the other becomes a drug dealer. The director, Fernando Meirelles, illustrated a great story of how greed can ruin someones life. Lil Ze used to be called Lil Dice. He didnt like getting picked on by the erstwhile(a) gang members so he started shooting out of his own allow and killing innocent deal. Ever since then, he started his own gang and needed to be the top of everyone. He needed to have everything.For example, theres one part in the story where someone that he hated (knockout ned) was in the paper, and he wasnt. He got furious at that one little thing. Why? because of his greed that he had. Compared to Rocket, where he has little greed, he appreciates the things that he is given. If Rocket was so greedy, he wouldnt have been this famous that he is now. It kind of reminds me of the presidential election thats going on in good order now. Every candidate has greed. They need to have the most top-notch thing onward the other candidate gets it.We all cant help it, because the field is filled with this thing called greed. Because Lil Ze had so much greed, he killed innocent people so that he could get money and become number one in the gang industry. I dont understand how people cant just be more like Rocket. Although Rocket grew up in a bad environment, it didnt mean he had to live his whole life like that. Overall, this movies musical composition is all about greed and what you do with it. I would give this mo vie a 5 out of 5. Although killings not worth the money, watching this movie is worth the money. Is Killing worth the money? Is Killing worth the money?

Social Policy on Healthcare: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Sweden and USA

IntroductionThis essay aims to examine wellness c be policies in the countries of Germany, Sweden and USA. A discussion on how these countries disagree in overture to wellness c ar ope appraise, funding and how they address wellness inequalities will be done. The perspectives of converging and pass dependance will be employ to examine the health guard policies. The first part of this brief drinks a brief overview of the health c be policies present in the tercet countries. The second part will discuss the light upon concepts and models of amicable form _or_ system of political science on health care in these countries. In the thirdly part, the perspective of path dependency and converging will be used to analyse health care policies of the three countries. A conclusion that will add the key concepts and issues raised in this essay will be presented at the end.Overview of the healthcare Policies in Germany, Sweden and USAHealthcare policies in these three countr ies pay off monumental differences. The World Health Organization (2014) has stressed that coming to health care services should be equi dis receive board. This means that wholly individuals, regardless of their socio- economic footing, religious beliefs, gender and race should find oneself the same type of care. Equitable distribution of healthcare services ensures that health inequality is addressed. The latter relates to the unfair distribution of healthcare services and health spot in the midst of different socio-economic groups (Figueras et al., 2008). Those with elevateder socio-economic status escape to enjoy better health, scram glare incidence of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic and acute conditions (Figueras et al., 2008). In contrast, those in the dismantle socio-economic status tend to arrive poorer health status and are more vulnerable to chronic diseases (World Health Organization, 2014). This disparity exp lains the differences in entre to healthcare services in both groups (Blank and Burau, 2007).These utterances should be a cause of bring up since good health is viewed as a fundamental right for all individuals (Reibling, 2010). Amongst the three countries, the healthcare industry in the US is regarded as the close to expensive when compared to the rest of the highly developed capitalist countries (Moody, 2011). However, in foothold of child death rate, heart foresight and death due to medical errors, US fares the worst (OECD, 2011, 2009 HDR, 2011). The percent of public funding for healthcare is as well the terminal in the US compared to Germany and Sweden. In recent surveys (OECD, 2009, 2008 Adema et al., 2011) public funding for healthcare in the US is scarce 47.7%. In contrast, the government of Germany spends 76.9% on healthcare while Sweden spends 81.5% (OECD, 2009). Amongst the three countries, the US spends the highest percent of its gross domestic fruit (GD) as of 2010 for healthcare (OECD, 2011). In 2010, the US spent 17.9% of its GDP on healthcare while Germany allocated 11.6% and Sweden, 9.6% (OECD, 2011). alone these countries exceeded the recommended allocation for healthcare from the pastorals GDP (Adema et al., 2011).Access to healthcare service also varies in the three countries. Access to healthcare is oecumenical in Sweden while Germany exemplifies the quasi-universal with compulsory amends (Baldock, 2011). In contrast to these two countries, there is a unhopeful item of universality in the US and funding is mostly by dint of employers of individuals (Glyn, 2006). in that location is also a debate on the coverage of healthcare policies in the US especially during the 2008 financial crisis where the government was forced to support healthcare of many poor, unemployed individuals (Moody, 2011). Funding of healthcare service in the US is also employer-based while amends companies fund health service in Germany (Moody, 2011 ). In Sweden, taxation supports healthcare service regardless of the socioeconomic background of the individuals. Hence, most hospitals are publicly funded in Sweden while Germany enjoys a personal-public partnership. In the US, private hospitals and clinics mostly provide for healthcare service in the acres (Greve, 2013).With focus on reducing health inequalities, the US places more grandeur on the healthcare needs of the poor (Glyn, 2006). Using the gatekeeping model (Greve, 2013), primary election healthcare practitioners in the US screen individuals before they could gain access to publicly funded healthcare services. Only those with income levels in the poverty level, concur disabilities, have very issue children are allowed to access Medicaid (Greve, 2013). In contrast, patients in Sweden are referred to specialists by their general practitioners (GPs) regardless of their socio-economic background (Anell, 2012). However, there is very brusk gatekeeping in Germany, expl aining the rich supply of sets and specialists (Reibling, 2010). This means that there is no cost-sharing between the patients and the government when accessing healthcare specialists. affectionate health insurance in Germany follows the concepts of overlap responsibility between the individuals and the give tongue to in funding and accessing healthcare services (Wahl, 2011). For example, Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) covers majority of the population. Employers and employees share in compensable for the SHI (Reibling, 2010). When patients visit GPs and specialists, they also have to pay 10 euros for each doctor visit (Reibling, 2010). Only 10% of the population pays for private health insurance. Since patients have freedom of choice when selecting their providers, this tends to create high expectations for the quality of service offered by doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals. However, this create dissatisfaction amongst doctors since their fees are regulated, unlike in the US where doctor fees vary from one state to the other. There is also an observation that doctors in most atomic number 63an countries earn less than their counterparts in the US, provide dissatisfaction amongst this group (Rechel et al., 2006). fleck both countries have rich supply of doctors, the requital scheme for healthcare professionals greatly varies. Similar to Germany, the US has also microscopic gatekeeping for individuals who do not belong to the lower socio-economic status. The latter could choose healthcare providers and specialists according to their preference.Sweden also has a mix of private and publicly owned healthcare facilities. However, the government fund for most healthcare expenditures (Greve, 2011). This means that take down when individuals seek care in privately owned facilities, the government pays for healthcare cost. This scheme also benefits the government since this will ease the volume of patients seen in publicly owned healthcare facilities. Since there is competition for healthcare, patients have more choice on the type of healthcare provider they want to access (Kangas and Palme, 2009). All healthcare employees in both public and private-owned healthcare facilities receive salaries while patients share in the healthcare costs (Kangas and Palme, 2009). There is also a capital on the costs of medications. Due to the minimal substance abuser fee and healthcare cost, healthcare is purported to be equitable (Kangas and Palme, 2009). However, there is try (Brown, 2008) that the long waiting list and disparity in supply and study derail timely access to healthcare services in Sweden. linchpin Concepts and Models of tender Policy in the Three CountriesThe impact of health and social care policies in countries are often measured by health outcomes. These include incidence of diseases, daily adjusted carriage historic period (DALYs) for buck of disease and human development index (HDI) (World Health Organiza tion, 2014). The HDI is a hypercritical measurement of a countrys health status since it has been shown that overbearing measure of health is intricately linked with human development and economic productivity (OECD, 2011). Amongst the three countries reviewed in this essay, USA ranked the highest in legal injury of human development followed by Germany and Sweden. The bring home the bacon table summarises the HDI, life expectancy at birth, mean years of reading, expected years of schooling, gross bailiwick income (GNI), GNI per capital rank minus HDI rank and nonincome HDI value in 2011HDI pasture Human exploitation Index Value Life expectancy at birth (years) Mean years of schooling (years) Expected years of schooling (years) Gross national income (GNI) per capita (Constant 2005 PPP $) GNI per capita minus HDI rank Nonincome HDI Value linked States (rank 4) 0.910 78.5 12.4 16.0 43,017 6 0.931 Germany (rank 9) 0.905 80.4 12.2 15.9 34,854 8 0.940 Sweden (rank 10) 0.904 81.4 11.7 15.7 35,837 4 0.936 Source OECD, 2011As shown in the table above, the life expectancy at birth is lowest in the US but high in Germany and Sweden. Better life expectancy in the latter two countries could be due to earlier treatment of childhood diseases (Mackenback and Bakker, 2003). The funding scheme in the US efficacy also reputation for disparities in healthcare (Mackenback and Bakker, 2003). As foreign to Sweden and Germany, two-third of the population in the US either has private insurance or is covered by their employers. employed individuals also tie personal contributions in addition to employer contribution for their health coverage (Moody, 2011). The scheme employed in the US has important implications in healthcare access. It is shown that approximately 46 million people in the US do not have public or private insurance (Moody, 2011). The number of insured individuals decreases as income also decreases (Moody, 2011). It has been shown that those in higher inc ome quintiles tend perceive better health status as compared to those in the lower income quintile.The cost of healthcare is also regulated in Germany and Switzerland as opposed to the US where there is very little containment of cost (Blank and Burau, 2007). The concept of blondness could be used to explain why there are significant differences in health status in the US. The OECD (2009) emphasise that measurement of right in health status is focused on mortality and unwholesomeness rate for the individuals. Currently, the OECD determines the health status of a state through its life expectancy at age 65 for the elderly and infant mortality rate for children (OECD, 2008). Both life expectancy and infant mortality rate is generally lower in the US compared to Germany and Sweden (OECD, 2009). This would show that despite having high human development index, the US is lagging behind Germany and Switzerland in cost of healthcare for the elderly and the very young.The OECD (2009) al so notes that healthcare administration costs in the US is significantly greater than other OECD countries. Sometimes, the costs are twice as high compared to Sweden and Germany. While doctors in Sweden and Germany have ceiling rates for their healthcare services, doctors in the US charge higher (Moody, 2011). While competition for healthcare services is present in Sweden, the competition in the US has a negative impact since it inflates the cost instead of private road down the cost while maintaining quality of care (Moody, 2011). At present, Medicaid only covers those with disabilities, the elderly, families living in the poverty level and those with very young children (Rosenbaum, 2011). Meanwhile, Obamacare or the affected role security measure and Affordable Act mandate employers to provide for health coverage on their respective employees (Rosenbaum, 2011). Those who are eligible for subsidies would be accustomed government subsidies to pay for their health insurances. Sin ce Obamacare pushes those who are not covered by Medicaid to private insurers, it is expected that this will create competition amongst insurance companies (Rosenbaum, 2011). For instance, these companies might offer more health coverage for a wide say of health conditions at a lesser cost. Companies might also postulate on the healthcare providers available to crawl in healthcare for the insurers.Path habituation and ConvergencePath dependence suggests that history and institutional context play crucial roles in the development of healthcare policies (Kennett, 2001). Once a healthcare policy, however, is established, it tends to be resistant to throws or when reforms are inevitable, it stays within the boundaries of the original policy. On the other hand, socio-economic changes greatly influence the direction of healthcare policies in the convergence perspective (Starke et al., 2008). To illustrate, a number of countries in the European yoke tend to follow similar paths in h ealthcare policies and integrate better(p) practices from each nation. The convergence of healthcare policies is described as positive consolidation (Starke et al., 2008). Since market competition for healthcare services are introduced in the well-being states in Europe, this creates negative integration of healthcare policies (Starke et al., 2008).Germanys healthcare policy tends to follow the path dependence amongst the countries in Europe. Healthcare policies in this country were established as early as the 19th century (liberal arts and Gelissen, 2010) graduation with the introduction of the social health insurance. Although the complexities of healthcare have increased, little have change on how healthcare service is funded and delivered. The long- standing tradition of corporatism mum exists. For instance, governing boards that make decisions or negotiate terms with health care practitioners, the insurers and pharmaceutical industry are all composed of representative emp loyers and employees (Starke et al., 2008). All those sitting in these boards are elected through democratic means. This has been practiced for many years and little have changed on how governing boards are convened. On the other hand, subsidiarity is still practiced today Arts and Gelissen, 2002). This means that legislative framework is created or reformed by the government alone.Meanwhile, Sweden also follows the path dependency perspective. Similar to Germany, universal access to healthcare service has been practiced since the post-war period (Arts and Gelissen, 2002). The public through the city councils march on to provide funds for healthcare (Arts and Gelissen, 2010). It should be noted that this practice has been institution since the 19th century. However, there have been criticisms on the healthcare system in Sweden. Foremost amongst this is its struggle to cope up with the increasing demands for healthcare with low supply of healthcare providers (Van Kersbergen and He merijck, 2012). The ageing of the population coupled with the complexity of healthcare also pushes the national health services system of Sweden to catch for innovations to deliver healthcare at a lesser cost (Van Kersbergen and Hemerijck, 2012). The challenge of see all healthcare demands with tighter financial resources might drive the country to look for alternative ways in funding healthcare of the people.Finally, the US exemplifies the convergence perspective. Healthcare reforms have increased in the last 20 years with the culmination of Obamacare in recent years. This suggests that healthcare policies in the country are subject to change, depending on the political, economic and social context of healthcare. To illustrate this point, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also known as Obamacare is currently driving more individuals in the country to bribe private insurance. This is a source of conflict in the country since coverage of Medicaid is very restrictive ( Rosenbaum, 2011). Medicaid will continue to expand coverage in the succeeding years to include those with mean annual income of 40,000 USD. This suggests that healthcare policies could continue to change until a consensus is reached between the government and healthcare consumers. The perspective of convergence would suggest that countries tend to follow best practices and create policies that could respond to current needs. Basing on this perspective, the US is a good example of how it changes its healthcare policy to fulfill the increasing demands for healthcare.ConclusionVariations in healthcare policies are noted in the countries of Germany, Sweden and the US. While all countries have high HDI, they differ in the life expectancy at age 65 and infant mortality rate. These two indicators are cited by the OECD as measures of how a country exercises equity in healthcare. Sweden and Germany almost have similar life expectancy for the elderly. These countries also differ in public sp ending for healthcare and access to healthcare services. Sweden has been practicing universal health care since the post-war period while Germany has shifted to quasi-universal in the last decades. The US, through its Medicaid, provides universal access to healthcare services only for those with disabilities, families with very young children or based on need. Those not covered with Medicaid have to purchase their own healthcare insurance or are provided with insurance by their employers. Hence, the US only practices very low universal access to healthcare. Finally, the perspectives of path dependence and convergence are discussed in this essay. Sweden and Germany follow the path dependence perspective while the US demonstrates the convergence perspective. Finally, this brief shows that path dependence healthcare systems are faced with the challenge of providing universal access in the face of tightening budgets. Further, the US has to further expand its Medicaid or make reforms to make healthcare more equitable.ReferencesAdema, W. , Fron, P. & Ladaique, M. (2011). Is the European wellbeing State real more expensive? indicators on social spending, 1980-2012 and a manual of the OECD Social expenditure Database (SOCX). Paris OECD.Arts, W. & Gelissen, J. (2010). Models of the welfare state. In Casttles, F. (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of the Welfare State, Oxford Oxford University Press.Arts, W. & Gelissen, J. (2002). 3 worlds or more?., Journal of European Social Policy, 12(2), pp. 137-158.Anell, A. (2012). Sweden Health system review. Health Systems in transition, 14(5), pp. 1-159.Baldock, J. (2011). Social policy, social welfare and the welfare state. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blank, R. & Burau, V. (2007). relative health policy. London Palgrave.Brown, A. (2008). Fishing in Utopia Sweden and the proximo that Disappeared. Sweden Grant.Figueras, J., McKee, M., Lessof, S., Duran, A. & Menabde, N. (2008). Health systems, health and wealth Assessing the case for investing in health systems. Denmark World Health Organization.Glyn, A. (2006). Capitalism unleashed. Oxford Oxford University Press.Greve, B. (2013). Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State. London Routledge.Greve, B. (2011). The Nordic welfare states-revisited., Social Policy Administration, 45(2), pp. 111-113.HDR (2011). Human Development and its components Online. Available at www.undp.org (Accessed 25th March, 2014).Kangas, O. & Palme, J. (2009). The Nordic Experience. International Journal of Social Welfare, 18(Suppl 1), pp. S62-S72.Kennett, P. (2001). Comparative Social Policy. Open University Open University Press.Mackenback, J. & Bakker, M. (2003) European network on interventions and policies to tighten up inequalities in health. Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health an analysis of recent European experiences. Lancet, 362, pp. 1409-1414.Moody, K. (2011). Capitalist care Will the coalition governments reforms activate the NHS further toward a US-style healthc are market?. Capital and Class, 35(3), pp. 415-434.OECD (2011). Human Development Index and its components. Europe OECD.OECD (2009). Society at a Glance 2009 OECD Social Indicators. Europe OECD.OECD (2008). Are we growing unequalOnline. Available at www.oecd.org (Accessed 25th March, 2014).Rechel, B., Dubois, C. & McKee, M. (eds) (2006). The health care workforce in Europe. Learning from experience. Trowbridge Cromwell Press.Reibling, N. (2010). Healthcare systems in Europe towards an incorporation of patient access, Journal of European Policy, 20(1), pp. 5-18.Rosenbaum, S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Implications for Public Health Policy and hold. Public Health Reports, 128(1), pp. 130-135.Starke, P., Obginer, H. & Castles, F. (2008) Convergence towards where in what ways, if any, are welfare states decent more similar?. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(7), pp. 975-1000.Van Kersbergen, K. & Hemerijck, A. (2012). both decades of change in Europe Th e emergence of the social investment state. Journal of Social Policy. 41(3), pp. 475-492.Wahl, A. (2011). The Rise and Fall of the Welfare State. London underworld Press.World Health Organization (2014). Health Systems Equity Online. Available at http//www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/equity/en/ (Accessed 25th March, 2014).

Sins of the Marketplace

The drop the ballning of Dalton Is the sin of selling you more than you really want to buy. The electronic stores ar the worst sinners of the marketplace. They induce you into buying add-ions, much(prenominal) as expansive power-bars or cables, and extended warranty. Most of the times you dont direct them or could have bought less expensive items that have the same quality. The sin of addition Is a comm entirely dropd tactic called packing the heap and Its where the profit is made.The sin of omission The sin of omission could be commit when you sign an Insurance policy. A vendor, who has reason to know or laughable adverse prior medical history for you, does not tell you the inside information that willing disqualify you from getting compensation. To close the deal and make m matchlessy, companies only look at your ability to pay. This tactic Is called Post Claim underwriting. They will Walt until you file a claim before spending money to abide that the book prints have d isqualified you.The sin of mental hospital The sin of creation is committed when a company creates a need that induces you to buy a product you would never have thought you would need. The best example to represent this Is the need for antibacterial drug soap. Impasses have made us believe that firm soap does not kill germs as well as antibacterial soap. Well, tests done in laboratories have proven that this belief is wrong and steady that it can harm us because It can weaken our natural defenses.The sin of salvation When a company says that, if you buy its product, you will be healed of whatever condition you might suffer from, you are witnessing the sin of salvation. So beware, they will try to get at you through persuasive testimonials, * unelaborated scientists * and paranoid peddlers who will pretend that doctors dont prescribe this product cause they are afraid of losing their lucrative business Conclusion As a conclusion, use your common sense, do a lot of research and r ead the fine prints before signing any contract Doing this, youll avoid failing for one of the marketplaces sins.For businesses will always try to reach into your pocket by development addition, omission, creation, salvation, assurance, persuasion and deception. Questions -What is for you the biggest sin of the marketplace? -Have you ever been victim of any of these? * Do you think that, as consumers, we have a responsibility in the situation that businesses are using these practices?

A regular turn in American sign language Essay

In the next example, the prof is suggesting that the next step is to separate portions of the school-age childs yarn into chunks. She explains that narrative chunks in spoken wrangles are detected through linguistic cues, such as rhythm, intonation, and discourse markers (Chafe 1982). She concludes by saying that she does not know if ASL has these cues or if there are separate kinds of cues. Her final remark, rhetorical question, is understand into ASL as look at question Does ASL has cues? The Student immediately dos, YES The profs condition at hearing response is minimal, less than half second.The briefness of this bar accounts for the illusion that the enunciateers are almost gibbering to each other, Because the Student begins to respond in ASL by the second potential turn transition, the exchange amidst Professor, Student, and vocalization buy the farms seemingly naturally within brief time foil and without problems. That chief(a) utterers are responding t o the Interpreter in terms of the norms of their profess language is also demonstrated by their gestural behavior. Both speaker wholes nod their organises, smile and silently laugh, and misrepresent other gestures at chips that concur with utterances they understand in their have languages.For example, later in the meeting when the Professor learns that the Student will be going to another city to lay d declare speech, she smiles and nods, but these expressions occur after she hears the interpretation in English, not after the Student says it in ASL. one wonders, then, whether the Student understands, intuitively or not, that the nonverbal information he sees the Professor engage in at that moment is attached to what he said moments ago noted that when people speak the same language, they know what facial houses go with what words and so butt end interpret the combination of the two signals.But when we interact with people who speak another language, either speaker might observe another speakers body and facial cues but most likely drive outnot link these cues with their exact words, destine, or meanings. In this section have demonstrated how the Student and the Professor take turns at potential transition moments within their own language, and thus, with the Interpreter. Regular turns occur naturally in face-to-face interaction, and they also occur naturally in interpreting.The participants, the discourse, and the moment combine (McDermott and Tylbor 1983 call this collusion) to make up interactional harmony whereby turn happens successfully and comfortably. In regular turns, then, the Interpreter is an active participant who constructed equivalent responses in terms of message inwardness and also in terms of potential turn transition. Knowing when and how to signal turns or pauses is discourse knowledge and an indication of communicative competence. Creating TurnsFrom studies of no interpreted conversations, we know that speakers do not ta ke turns or continue their turns exclusively because they recognize transition moment or specific syntactic unit that allows for exchange. Bennett (1981) suggests that the structural regularities in discourse and participants understandings of the thematic pass of the discourse make turn units considerably more flexible (emphasis his) than the belief of turns created solely from structural surface signals. Within conversations, participants create field of studys which unfold, diverge, and reconverge as the gibber proceeds (Bennett 1981).Themes comprised of individual and shared motives, feelings about the subject, and the meanings that are uttered direct colloquial contributions Turns, then, also come about through participants intuitive mavin of now being the right moment to speak, or take turn. aft(prenominal) playing back the videotape of the meeting once, asked the participants to focus on turn-taking. asked them to recall, if they could, their motives and feeling s more or less their turns, and why, in some places, they chose to speak.Predictably, their own reasons for taking turn or go along turn were based in large part on their own sense of participation in the conversation and from sense of wanting every to contribute to theme or, in one case, to stop theme. These developments are not harbingerable but are part of conversational behavior. Moreover, the ways in which the interlocutors contribute to the flow constitutes an emerging pattern of conversational style (Tannen 1984). For example, at one point in the meeting, the Professor began to talk even though she could hear an interpretation.During her interview, asked the Professor about this segment. Her response was, probably just contumacious it the Students talk was enough. didnt especially want to hear the dish now. just wanted to set it as topic that would be arouse for him to take about and report on during the semester. The Professor began to talk from her own se nse of the direction of the conversation and her desire to have the Student think about the topic and not initiate longer discussion at present.To steer the conversation in different direction and perhaps head off lengthy discussion, she took turn from her own sense of needing to alter the theme of the conversation, not from surface syntactic signal. In another example, at the kickoff of the meeting, the Student was looking at the Interpreter because the Interpreter was signing, and then he turned away from the Interpreter and looked toward the Professor and the telephone and answering machine. He began to talk while the Interpreter was still interpreting, not at potential transition moment in ASL.His turn, too, has to be motivated by reasons other than an approaching grammatical unit or paralinguistic signal. When asked why he stop watching the Interpreter and began to speak, the Student replied, knew where the Interpreter was going could sense the way his sentence would e nd. wanted to see what she was doing to make the phone stop ringing. (This he had wise(p) from what the Professor had just said. ) Discourse knowledge, real world knowledge, sense of conversational direction, speaker intention, and many other factors motivate speakers to take turns.Although interpreters cannot always predict when speaker will talk, they can become accustomed to the possibilities of change and that turns can occur at the least likely moments, or rather, at any moment. Primary participants are actively involved in creating and responding to turns, and, for all intents and purposes, make arbitrary decisions which must be managed by an interpreter. More significantly, these examples demonstrate that primary participants are active in the emerging nature and flow of talk as the interpreter directs and coordinates the exchange.

Need for Localization: Foreign Company’s Obligations to Local Essay

This paper gives a detailed analysis of the topical anaesthetic nuance and customs that the turn outside companies would puddle to adjust to in order to claim the social and psychological barriers which they would inevitably have to come up against during their afield operation. The paper lays emphasis on the flexibility approach and localization as the main aspect for conflicting companies in order to succeed.The study reveals that although the advert of globalization has brought greater stage of homogenization in commercial procedures, it ease remains a distant dream when antithetical cultures mingle qualification it jussive mood for these companies to accept heterogeneity as the only expressive style to precede foreign trades. Customs and norms atomic number 18 die hard behavioural habits and have been ingrained in the society over a long menses of time and not easily removable or made to overlook. This is curiously so patch operating in foreign soils and in umteen instances this has been seen as one of the biggest hurdles facing companies.Rules of law and government rules and regulations whitethorn exist but assuming that all tunees are managed by tribe and for the people, interaction betwixt people is inevitable for its success. Some recruit companies whitethorn of course have lesser amount of interaction due to the personality of their products or services yet on the whole it is slackly seen that whatsoever be the line of channel norms of the foreign ac caller-out it has to make discernible changes when it goes into worry in a foreign soil.Franchises and branches are actually an extension of the conjure up order that has been grounded and molded in a foreign soil by a erect participation of the local community within the internal and external environment of the musical arrangement. It is also seen that the cultural differences may be slight, borderline or make very great impact on the worry due to the cultural d ifference that exists between the organizations inelegant of origin and the foreign soil.Thus, it is quite imperative on the part of the foreign society to make some structural changes which should include a changed gay resource practice and a changed view of the organization as a whole in genuine aspects of beliefs, assumptions and behaviors and above all understanding the positively charged sides of other cultures. In case the foreign company is hell flex on imposing the customs and assumptions of its own country of origin stating them to be its organizational culture then it would sooner or later demote itself out of business.Hence, existence indifferent and unmindful of the local customs laughingstock be very catastrophic if it doesnt allow a certain degree of flexibility in bases that are situated on the foreign land. Areas of Conflicts A foreign company while setting its operational bases in another country invites certain risks from conflicts that it not quite seen in the residence country. Firstly, the company if it happens to be a Western one inevitably tries to go about its business taking for granted that globalization has brought in a greater degree of flexibility and that the English language is the only internationally accepted language of the adult male population.This may sound quite authorise within cultures that are a part or partake of Westernized conducts and behavioral patterns yet when such a company tries to place its foot on say Africa, the Middle East and the Asian countries then it is a different story altogether. For one there is greater degree of difference between the two cultures which if not properly understood and practiced may shew to be disastrous for the company.For instance, it is the standard procedure in the Western business to make an agreement that after a fruitful negotiation followed with signing of documents and shaking of hands which indicates that the agreement has been done as per the unanimous take on of the parties involved. However, this doesnt hold advantageously in the Middle East where access to a changeal agreement would mean that the beginning of several practiced negotiations is on the way. In other oriental cultures the start of any business transaction is preceded by a ritualistic performance, the majority being religious based as well after ascertaining the stars on the almanac.In mainland China there are three traditional philosophies namely the Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism and are generally considered as the foremost philosophies for facilitating social interaction. A foreign company nerve-wracking to open its branch in China would indeed be in conflict with the local customs and beliefs and hence do very under the weather if it doesnt understand the situation. This is more so with the Chinese mostly p keyring a Chinese person as a mediator for any negotiation. In India too there are various religious and cultural festivals which form an integral part of the existence of the native person.In areas of human resource this is more pronounced and the foreign company must make tolerance for the same by giving holidays and even be expected to act by handing over of gifts, involving in the cultural events as well as make contributions to enhance their image with the local participants. Therefore, it is generally seen that the foreign company increases its business substantially while conforming to traditional beliefs and customs of the local people than they would otherwise.Multiculturalism and Cultural Assimilation There is growing evidence that the multinational organizations are adopting a policy of recruiting workforce from various cultures from across the world as it is by far the best way to expand overseas and also to understand and integrate give way with the markets in these regions. Multinational companies should wherefore make note of the fact that in their home ground things were a lot different than what they are seemi ng to experience across the borders.globalization as seen in the present does not imply homogenization, but the double back as this means one has to deal with difference directly sooner of from a distance as was earlier the case (Nolan, 1999). In multiculturalism, organization readily accepts the presence of varied cultural groups within its own larger cultural base. In the case of cultural assimilation the organizations by its policies prepares to put one across those cultures of local communities and tries to effectively integrate them into its organizational culture.It is also true that some(prenominal) diversity and internationalization are needed to create diverse eruditeness environment within companies in order to make them adaptive to local customs and hence remain competitive. For this the foreign company should have well laid out policies of manpower learning and understanding of the various cultures that would farm in the event of transfer of personnel. According to authors Stehle and Ernee, transfers are more likely to succeed when employees of the transfer coalition hold positive attitudes and trust towards the parent company (2007).An effective ethical principle is thus evolved in this way and the organization neednt fear of any future uncertainties and confusion while carrying on its business in soils alien to its own customs and practices. By the process of assimilation the organization has send out the right pass on to the local communities. Attitudes towards ethics are rooted in culture and business practice and the term international business conduct and morals refer to the foreign companys relationships with individuals and entities (Mahapatra and Kumar, 2009).Further those companies who are having certain degree of confusion to start operations in an alien soil bottom take other routes in the form of joint surmises and franchisees. The uses of joint venture can mitigate problems associated with lack of knowledge in norms, values a nd assumptions that are the foundation of organizational and individual behavior (Ang and Michailova, 2008). Conclusion Thus it is imperative for the foreign company to have an obligation to the local customs, languages, behavior, religion and cultural assumptions in order to consistently perform well and profitably.Once the company forms a distinctive identity with the local population with its overtures, responses and publicity campaigns the company can benefit both in its image and carry out future expansion programs. There have been several instances of the whole companys attractionship position even that of the parent company being entrusted in the hands of persons belonging to the local community with the target market which in this case means the local market too large enough to avoid or forego.The case of PepsiCo is an example as its leader is a woman of Indian origin and it is quite likely that she would be able to understand the cultural and religious sentiments of the pe ople much better than those not native to the soil. Reference List Ang Siah Hwee and Michailova Snejina (2008). Institutional Exploration of Cross- mold alliance Modes The Case of Emerging Economies Firm. Normative Pillars of Institutions. Management International Review. Mahapatra S N and Kumar Jitender (2009).Transnational Corporations and tradeing Ethics in Global Market in Post Globalization. International Business Ethics and Global Marketing. Abhigyan. Nolan W. Riall communicating and Adopting Across Cultures Living and Working In the Global Village. Cultural buttocks of Difference. 1, 1. Westport, CT. Bargin & Garvey. Stehle Wolfgang and Ernee Ronel (2007). Transfer of Human Resource Practices from German Multinational Enterprises to Asian Subsidiaries. inquiry and Practice in Human Resource Management.

Act One Scene One of Measure for Measure

form One Scene One of Measure for Measure is a facial expression surrounded in ambiguity and complex character motives. In this view the Duke of Vienna meets with his aged advisor Esacalus to discuss his immediate and unexplained conflict from Vienna and his plans to appoint Angelo to rule in his stead.The play simply starts with the Duke reflection Esacalus1. Using the noun in an close to imperative form is an indication of how oft power the Duke re whollyy has and how much power the Duke will be handing oer to someone as inexperienced as Angelo. This instantly begs the question wherefore is he not leaving Escalus in charge? One opinion, which I support, is that the Duke is a Machiavellian Character who is hoping that Angelo fails so that when he returns the state will love him. Due to this manipulative attitude he cannot select Escalus as he may believe that Escalus may actually do a better job than him, something he cannot risk.This concept of deceit and manipulation is plump for up by the fact that throughout the initial speech by the Duke he seems to actively aim to make Escalus feel of less cling to than he is worth. An example of this is But that, to your sufficiency, as your worth is able2. The consumption of words such as sufficiency appear to be intentional to make Escalus feel worry he is only just keen enough and nothing more than that. That way the Duke does not disenchant him tout ensemble with the world of politics but instead keeps him in his place. This theory is back up once more by Escaluss response to the dukes rhetorical questioning in which he says If any in Vienna be of worth It is Lord Angelo3. This line, I believe, would be read in an almost sarcastic way as if he is mocking Angelo and the Duke.Once Angelo arrives the Dukes tone, tour no less powerful and demanding, becomes more focussed on flatter Angelo than it does demoralising Escalus. The Dukes attempts at flattery such as, Thyself and thy belongings are not thine own so proper as to waste4, promote the approximation that the Duke really wants Angelo to take the position perhaps he fears that if Angelo wont then he will fork over to promote Escalus to the position instead. This discussion section of the scene also introduces the radical and theme of Actions versus Words. This is primarily shown when Angelo says Let there be some more test make of my metal5 implying that, magic spell he is simply employing fake modesty, he is saying he should be tested further before he is given this position. The way the Duke says We obtain with leavened and prepard choice proceeded to you6, I believe, is his way of saying we have talked enough on the matter brings the play back to Actions versus Words.Some people are of the opinion that the Duke is simply a bad attraction who is fleeing when multiplication turn bad. Our haste from hence is of so quick condition that it leaves noncontroversial matters of needful value7 is one such occasion where th is point is made as the Duke is leaving them and it appears he has not even come up with a valid reason to tell even his closet advisors and Lords. I believe that, while one cannot escape the fact that he is displaying all the qualities of a terrible ruler, this is not the primary reason for him leaving.On vestibular sense I believe that the Dukes departure in this scene is out-of-pocket to the manipulative nature of his character and is driven by his desire to be loved by the people. The Duke does however claim that he does not like to stage himself to their eyes8 but I believe this to be artless lies told by him to make himself look better and more modest in front of the other Lords, more people who he wants to love him. I believe this theory encompasses other plausible theories such as the idea that he is simply a bad leader and the theory that suggests he fears the people do not need a Duke anymore as through this theory the people would think him a great leader and they woul d realise that they did need a Duke. Due to this I believe it is the shell theory to explain the Dukes sudden departure.

African American Contributions to American History Essay

M in all sterns contri exactlyed to the victory of our country in every struggle that we as a masses have ever fought. In order to right(a)ly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contri stillions of blue America beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the public War II. Make no mistake menacings made contributions surface ancient creative activity War II, but in the interest of time and trueness I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. i main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no bailiwick how hard the struggle, b wishings have al managework forcets all overcome adversity no look what the cost. Of course, contributions made by blacks are non limited to war alone, but include a wide spectrum of achieve ments that have advanced civilization as a whole. My personal pry and thanks go to all told great deal who have marchd and continue to serve this country at any capacity. unless we must never forget the contributions made by our black brothers and sisters who gave their lives trash for a ca theatrical role that so greatly affected their lives as well as our well being.Charles Dickens said it best in his mass A Tale of Two Cities, It was the best of clock it was the worst of times. The American Revolution was a time of great struggle for mickle of all line of achievements. But, blackamoors in particular under(a)stood the literal meaning of patriot rhetoric, eagerly took up the cause of American freedom, fighting bravely in the earliest confrontations with the British. Though the revolution freed some blacks and set the country on a course toward the abolition of hard workerry, political accommodation to plantation owners forestalled freedom for galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) blacks in the south-central for 90 more age.A black man was one of the in itiative martyrs of the patriot cause. Crispus Attucks, apparently a break ones back who had run away from his owner 20 years in the first place, died in the capital of momma Massacre in 1770. Though facts were disputed at trials then as now, witnesses said Attucks hit a British officer with a largish piece of firewood, grabbed a bayonet and urged the crowd to attack just before the British fired. Attucks and two others were killed while eight were wounded, two mortally. disconsolates served at the battles of Lexington and Concord. beak Salem, a freed slave, stood on the green at Lexington facing the British when the first battle broke out with the shot that was heard around the world. 1 of the last men wounded in the battle as the British escaped to Boston was Prince Estabrook, a black man from West Lexington. At least 20 blacks, including Peter Salem, were in the ranks two months later when the British attacked an American position outside Boston in the Battle of cakehole H ill. Salem has been honored for firing the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn, the British officer who led the Redcoats when they had attacked his small unit at Lexington.Unable to affect outside Boston and then threatened with cannon surrounding the city, the British left Boston for tonic York. As the war changed from a mummy hold oneavor to a broader conflict throughout the colonies, the politics of race changed dramatically. gruesomes had been welcomed in the New England militia, but coition initially decided against having them in the Continental force. copulation needed support from the south-central if all the colonies were to win their independence from England. Since southern plantation owners wanted to keep their slaves, they were afraid to give guns to blacks.Congress ordered all blacks removed from the army, but black veterans appealed directly to George Washington, who took up their cause with John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. vagues servi ng in the army were accepted to stay, but new snags were forbidden. Though the Declaration of independency declared that all men were forced equal, many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) blacks soon saw more opport consent on the British side. The British governor of Virginia promised immediate freedom and wages to any slave who would join the Kings army.Hundreds flocked to the standard of the governor, Lord Dunmore, but he was denied a base on the land by the American forces and many of the blacks who coupled him died of smallpox on overcrowded ships. The loyalty of blacks was a serious issue for the American leaders because blacks made up one-fifth of the two million plurality in the colonies. With the British soldiers already outnumbering the American parade, and recruitment difficult for the patriots, the northerly colonies soon again began to enlist blacks. Rhode Island made up a regiment almost entirely of blacks.As the war continued, colonies as far south as Maryland a nd Virginia were recruiting free blacks for the American cause. As the war dispense into the southwest, Congress found it needed to recruit slaves. It offered to pay South Carolina slave owners $1,000 for able-bodied male slaves. The slaves would receive no pay, but would be addicted $50 and their freedom at the end of the war if they served well and faith mounty. The South Carolina Assembly threatened to leave the war, dooming the plan in the southernmost colonies. recruitment of blacks to the American causecontinued further north, but the patriots had less success than the British. The offer of immediate freedom ext finish by Virginias unsuccessful loyalist governor was eventually made by the British throughout the colonies. break ones backs joined the British by the tens of thousands. The fate of the loyalist blacks varied considerably. both(prenominal) were captured by Americans and either returned to their masters or case-hardened as war loot and sold back into bondag e. Approximately 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders of the British dependency of Sierra Leone in West Africa.Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable administer of the men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those age generally did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were uncloudeds and concentrated on the efforts of white men.Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of astute whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in th e American legions, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to command small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery.Children born to slaves after that catch were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of mummy held in 1783 that slavery violated the state constitution, and New Hampshire in like manner ended slavery by a court ruling. Vermont outlawed slavery and computed tomography and Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws. New York outlawed slavery in 1799 and New Jersey followed in 1804. The inter raceal slave trade was outlawed in 1808. Progress then came to a stop. A boom in cotton fiber production spread the slave economy into the lower Mississippi Valley.Slave states were care ful to control at least half the political provide in the federal government, blocking any national movement against slavery until the Civil War. The 54th momma Regiment On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln gestural the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling territories of the confederacy and authorizing Black enlistment in the coalescence Army. Since the beginning of the Civil War, free Black people in general, and Black Bostonians in particular, were ready to gather arms on behalf of the northern, and they were prevented from doing so.Popular racial stereotypes and institutional disparity against Blacks in the military contributed to the common myth that Black men lacked the intelligence and bravery necessary to serve their country. By the fall of 1862, however, the lack of White Union enlistment and associate victories at Antietem forced the U. S. government to reconsider its racist policy. As Congress met in October to address the issue o f Black enlistment, various array of Black volunteers had already been organized, including the First South Carolina and the Kansas Colored Troops.It wasnt until January 26, 1863 however, that secretary of war Edwin Stanton authorized the enlistment of Black troops. As a result, the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer infantry was founded, becoming the first all-Black Union regiment brocaded in the north. Training began for Black volunteers at Camp Meigs in Reedville, MA on February 21, 1863. Although some members of the community voiced opposition to the prevention of Black men from achieving the rank of colonel or officer, most community activists urged Black men to acquire the opportunity to serve in the Union forces.The fear many Black volunteers had about the potential racism of White officers and colonels was calmed when Massachusetts governor John Andrew assured Bostonians that White officers assigned to the 54th Regiment would be young men of military experience, of firm anti-slavery principles, ambitious, superior to a vulgar discourtesy for color, and having faith in the capacity of colored men for military service. Andrew held to his word, appointing 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw as colonel and George P. Hallowell as Lieutenant.The son of wealthy abolitionists, Shaw had been educated in europium and at Harvard before joining the seventh New York National Guard in 1861. In 1862, when Governor Andrew contacted Shaws father about the prospect of commission his son as colonel of the soon-to-be organized fifty-fourth, Shaw was an officer in the Second Massachusetts base. Although reluctant to accept the commission, Shaw eventually became colonel. By the time training began at Camp Meigs, Shaw and his officers began work with the soldiers whose bravery would forever change public intelligence of Black military skill and valor.Black community leaders crossways the country such as Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown served as recruiti ng agents for the Union army. As a result, over 1000 volunteers enlisted in the 54th Regiment, a reply so overwhelm that Massachusetts organized a second Black regiment, the fifty-fifth. Men of the fifty-fourth represented twenty-four states, the District of Columbia, the West Indies, and Africa. Approximately 25% of them had been slaves, over 50% were literate, and, although as non chargeants they had worked in forty-six different occupations, the overwhelming majorities (55%) were common laborers.Regardless of origin, occupation, or social class, the men of the 54th Regiment both inspired Bostons Black community and provided a type of pride for abolitionists across the country. Activists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass visited Camp Meigs to learn their support. Although the organization of the 54th Regiment resolved the conflict over Black enlistment in the Union army, the struggle of Black soldiers to gain respect in the military was just beginning.Upon arrival in the south, the Black soldiers were often treated as common laborers and the potential for their valor on the battlefield was disregarded. Upon arriving in Georgia on June 11, they were ordered by Col. James Montgomery of the incision of the South to raid the town of Darien. Reports of Black soldiers burning buildings and ravaging the homes of town confirmed stereotypes of Black soldiers as un-trainable brutes. Col. Shaw found the raid on Darien brutish and distasteful, and sent a letter to Brigadier habitual George C.Strong, requesting that the men be used in the planned attack on gather Wagner, South Carolina. On July 16, the 54th Regiment fought alongside White soldiers of the 10th Connecticut Infantry in a skirmish on James Island, SC. This battle ransomed the Black soldiers fighting ability in the eyes of White skeptics, including General Strong, who commanded the 54th Regiment to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, scheduled for July 18. Strategically, a successf ul attack on Fort Wagner would allow Union forces to seize control of Charleston Harbor. Located on Morris Island, Fort Wagner protected battery Gregg overlooking Fort Sumter.Thus, seizure of Fort Wagner was valuable because it enabled the Union to ordered series Sumter and close the harbor to confederate blockade runners, thereby paving the way for further Union attack on Charleston. Fort Wagner was located at the northern tip of Morris Island, and was controlled by 1700 troops and 17 artillery guns. great dealcast to just over 600 men by the skirmish two days previous, the men of the 54th Regiment were ordered to lead the assault on Fort Wagner with the backing of regiments from New York, Connecticut, Maine, and Pennsylvania.Before the charge commenced, Colonel Shaw ordered the regiment to seek yourselves as men. Within 200 feet of the Fort, the confederates began to attack as the brave men of the 54th Regiment struggled through darkness, four-foot deep water, and marshland. Colonel Shaw, accompanied by dwindling metrical composition of dying men, managed to reach the top of the parapet where a bitter close combat ensued, the Black Union soldiers with bayonets against the White Confederate soldiers with handspikes and gun rammers.Colonel Shaw was mortally wounded with a pierce through the heart, along with a dozen of his men. Meanwhile, members of the 54th Regiment some wounded, some dying began to retreat those who refused to back down were taken prisoner. As the smoke cleared, evidence of Confederate victory was instanter apparent, with 174 Rebel casualties and 1515 Union soldiers dead or wounded. Of the eleven regiments who participated in the Union assault, the fifty-forth Regiment accrued the most casualties, with 256 of their 600 men dead or wounded.patronage the heavy losses, the assault on Fort Wagner proved to the nation and the world the valor of Black soldiers in general and the men of the 54th Regiment in particular. From the ranks of the fifty-forth came stories of unfailing patriotism and undying glory. The men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, their White officers, colonel, and allies, not only struck a blow for American freedom and unity, they also proved to the nation and the world the valor, bravery, and devotion of African American soldiers. In the sacrifice made by Col.Shaw and his soldiers, Americans witnessed, for the first time, the supremacy of equality over racism, discrimination, and ignorance. Upon his death at Fort Wagner, the body of Col. Shaw was placed in a mass grave on Morris Island along with the bodies of his soldiers. The lack of proper military interment for a man who had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a leader was intended to insult the honor of Shaw and his family, who were deemed as race traitors by Confederates and White unionists alike.However, upon learning that his son had been buried with his black soldiers, Francis Shaw stated, with dignity, that We hold that a sol diers most appropriate burial place is on the field where he has fallen. This statement and the honor displayed by the Shaw family and veterans of the fifty-fourth helped immortalize Shaw and his men as symbols of the Civil War battle for unity and equality. As a result of the 54th Regiment, over 180,000 Black men enlisted under the Union flag between 1863 and 1865. AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY improvement from WWI through WWII.During the global conflicts of the first half of the 20th century, U. S. servicemen fought in Europe for the first time in the nations history. African Americans were among the troops committed to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other black Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the joined States had pledged to fight. Traditional racist views about the use of black troops in combat initially excluded African Americans from the early recruiting efforts and much of the actual combat in both war s.Nonetheless, large poem of African Americans still volunteered to fight for their country in 1917-18 and 1940-45. Once again, many black servicemen relyd their military contribution and sacrifice would prove to their white countrymen that African Americans desired and deserved a fully participatory role in U. S. society. Unfortunately, the deeply entrenched negative racial attitudes prevalent among much of the white American population, including many of the nations top military and civilian leaders, made it very difficult for blacks to serve in the military mental home of this period.African-American servicemen suffered numerous indignities and certain little respect from white troops and civilians alike. The historic contributions by blacks to the defense of the United States were usually ignored or downplayed, while combat failures similar to those of whites and violent racial incidents often provoked by whites were exaggerated into a condemnation of all African Americans . In the Jim Crow world of pre-1945 America, black servicemen confronted not only the hostility of enemies overseas but that of enemies at home.African-American soldiers and sailors had two formidable obstacles to deal with discrimination and segregation. Yet, black servicemen in both world wars repeatedly demonstrated their bravery, loyalty, and ability in combat or in support of frontline troops. Oftentimes, they accomplished these tasks without proper training or adequate equipment. Poor communications and a lack of rapport with their white officers were two additional burdens hampering the effectiveness and efficiency of African Americans in the military.Too frequently, there was little or no course credit or gratitude for their accomplishments. One of the worst slights of both wars was the willingness of the white establishment to allow racism to influence the award of the prestigious Medal of Honor. Although several exceptionally heroic African Americans performed deeds wort hy of this honor, not one received at the time the award that their bravery and self-sacrifice deserved.It took over 70 years for the United States to rectify this error for WWI and over 50 years for WWII. Despite the hardships and second-class status, their participation in both wars helped to transform many African-American veterans as well as helped to eventually change the United States. Though still limited by discrimination and segregation at home, their sojourn in Europe during WWI and WWII made many black servicemen conscious(predicate) that the racial attitudes so common among white Americans did not prevail all over else.The knowledge that skin color did not preclude dignity and respect made many black veterans unwilling to submit quietly to proceed racial discrimination once they returned to the United States. In addition, the growing immenseness of black votes beginning in the 1930s and 1940s forced the nations political and military leaders to pay more charge to Af rican Americans demands, particularly in regard to the military. Although it was a tedious and bilk process, one too often marked by cosmetic changes kinda than real reform, by the end of WWII, the U.S. military establishment slowly began to fasten some headway against racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. The arrange was set for President Harry S Trumans landmark executive order of 26 July 1948. Another main contribution of note would be the trails and tribulations of the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940s, it was still believed that Blacks were incapable of flying aircraft. This myth was dispelled with the help of the U. S. Congress. On June 27, 1939 THE CIVILIAN pilot project TRAINING ACT was passed.This solitary ACT helped to create a reserve of civilian pilots to be called in case of War. adolescent black pilots were given the opportunity to train with U. S. approved programs located at TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. The SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1940 also increased the opportunity for a broader participation of Blacks in the military when it banned discrimination in the selection and training of all American citizens because of race and color. The success of the CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT helped put the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON OF TUSKEGEE on the map.It was said that the success of Negro youth in the Army Air Force would be predicated upon the success of the Tuskegee Experiment. HBOs docudrama, THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN, is a good depiction of this era of Black Americans seeking acceptance as military pilots. Because of the opportunity provided by the civilian Pilot Training Act, the number of Blacks in the ARMY AIR hurtle jumped from 2,250 in 1941 to over 145,000 by 1944. The two major groups to see combat as AAF men were the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON and the 332ND FIGHTER GROUP.Out of the 332nd Group came the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Squadrons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, SR. , who became Americas commencement exercise AFRIC AN AMERICAN GENERAL on October 25, 1940. By 1944, the 99th was added to the 332nd and participated in campaigns in Sicily, Rome, and Romania. The 99th and 332nd earned many DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATIONS. These historical examples are but a small sample of the many great contributions and sacrifices made by black people in order to secure freedom and prosperity for this great nation.We owe them a debt than can never be fully repaid. If anything these great contributions should curtail any negative or racial thoughts toward such a magnanimous people. You would think that with all that has transpired throughout history, that we as a people could live and coexist together with peace and harmony. My only hope is that with time people will come to realize that we are all not that different from one another and that we can thrive together for a better future for all of us.