The Value Of Reducing Carbon Footprints Environmental Sciences Essay

The regard as Of Reducing speed of light Footprints Environmental Sciences EssayThis report examines the concept and respect of measuring and reducing a credit line or reaping nose back enddy stones throw as well some renewable capacity dodgings uncommitted, that could sum up to century reduction and faculty efficiency. Guides and legislation already exist. In expectancy of future devisements, regarding sustainable practices and strict mandatory requirements for organizations and businesses, it is important to take action. Fin whollyy, several(prenominal) renewable talent systems ar presented and evaluated with recommendations for the communitys building.IntroductionThe last tether decades the hurtful human impact on the environment became the subject of extensive study. nowadays it is internation bothy acknowledged that the extensive utilise of fogey supply and over implement of earths re solutions has led us into an environmental crisis. kelvinho hold Gas ( GHG) sackings produced by the intent of fossil fuel atomic number 18 the intimately threatening factor to temper Change (IPCC, 2007). The international commitments concerning degree Celsius reduction emissions, at the recent humor Change Summit in December 2009, show the need for fast(a) and effective measures. To meet this ch on the wholeenge the industry and commerce sectors must also take action.Today the quantification and retraceup of GHG emissions is expressed by the term Carbon Footprint. This report analyses the composition of a businesss Carbon Footprint in analogy to its activities, harvest-festivals and properties. Moreover, its explained why this course of action is necessary and how it could benefit the whole business and its harvestingion service. Finally, some of the most typical renewable energy technologies argon examined and suggested for the companys office exposit located in Athens Greece.The definition of speed of light foot tone of voice.Throug hout snip thither were more attempts to define what a atomic number 6 paper footprint is. Nowadays, the definition of Wiedmann and Minx (2007, p.4) is what is widely accepted The deoxycytidine monophosphate footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of century dioxide emissions that is instanter and in take uply caused by an activity or is accumulated over the carriage stages of a product. This includes of individuals, populations, governments, companies, organizations, accomplishes, industry sectors etc. Products include goods and services. In any case all direct (on-site, internal) and indirect emissions (off-site, external, embodied, upstream, downstream) need to be taken into account.The in a lavishlyer place reference work to degree Celsius dioxide (CO2) emissions includes all six Kyoto communications protocol (1997, Annex A) Green House Gases (GHGs). These gases, besides Carbon Dioxide, (CO2) be Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluoro one Cs (HF Cs), Perfluoro vitamin Cs (PFCs) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). They are all aggregated and quantified in tonnages of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). The conversion is ground in each gass Global Warming Potential (GWP) over a period of one C years. The GWP is defined as the congress impact of a GHG compared to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) over a given period of time. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate variegate (IPCC) in its 3rd opinion Report (2001) provides the determine as well as the calculation method.Carbon Footprint for business, companies and organizations. there are two compositors cases of Carbon Footprint for a business or an organization. organizational carbon footprintProduct carbon footprintOrganizational carbon footprintThe Organizational carbon footprint is made up from all direct and indirect GHG emissions caused by the organizations activities (Carbon Trust, 2010). jibe to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol the direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions are divided into thre e scopes (categories) (WBCSD WRI, 2004). ambit 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissionsThese are emissions created by the organizations additions and production processes e.g. on site fuel use for production process, vehicle use for deportee of employees, actuals, products and waste, refrigerant loses, oil and fuel leakages, physical or chemical processing etc. Generally, emissions resulting from the organizations activities.Scope 2 Indirect GHG emissionsEmissions created by the use of electrical energy, heat and steam purchased for in premises use of the company or organization. (The energy suppliers emissions).Scope 3 Indirect GHG emissions separate than the Scope 2 categoryEmissions created from activities needed for the company to function but not made buy the company or organization itself. Extraction and transportation of raw material from suppliers, commuting of employees, transportation of fuel for use, re hertz, waste canalise and disposal are examples of what is included in this category. Generally any product or service purchased by the company necessary for its production process except from electricity and heat (scope 2).Product carbon footprintThe product (goods or services) carbon footprint is made up from the emissions of its spirit cycle. This includes all the emissions generated from the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing or service provision, use, reuse and finally its recycling and disposal as waste. Those emissions are generated similarly like the organizational carbon footprint by the use of energy, fuel combustion for manufacturing and transportation, and losses and leakages that drive directly to the environment like refrigerants, gases (methane) etc (Carbon Trust, 2011).Caution is necessary when calculations of both the organizational and product carbon footprint are made so as to not undercount or over count its quantity out-of-pocket to the complexness of these calculations.The necessity of carbon footprint calculation and reduction.There are many reasons why a business or organization should develop a management system for the reduction of its carbon footprint. As mentioned above there are two types of carbon footprint organizational and product (goods and/or services) Its noteworthy that the calculation of either or both footprints sets a reference point for the comparison and evaluation of progress made (Carbon Trust, 2010).Organizational carbon footprint reductionsThe organizational carbon management and reduction will relieve the environmental burden of a businesss activities. Uncontrolled anthropogenic GHG emissions from usage of fossil fuel, deforestation, manufacturing, industrial procedures (steel, iron, cement production) and other activities thicken the greenhouse gas story. This seam traps more re-radiated solar energy from the earths surface into the lowest atmospheric layer the Troposphere. This results to global warming (Denman K.L et al, 2007).Furthermore the quantification of the c arbon footprint helps managers and employees to recognize the areas which stimulate the greatest potential for further reductions and cost savings over time (Carbon Trust, 2010) .Another major reason is to report the reductions to third parties concerned with GHG emissions. According to the Carbon Trust Carbon Footprinting guide (2010), this should be done in order toDisplay social conscientiousness or for marketing purposes work up out requests of businesses, customers, investors for carbon emission entropyShow compliance with mandatory mode change legislation such as the Carbon Reduction lading (CRC) (2010) or European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) (2008)Provide information by the companys participation to initiatives that have a purpose to help organizations, investors, governments, consultants, academics and primarily anyone concerned, develop energy and emission policies, reduce their carbon footprint and make research. An example is the Carbon Disclosure Pro ject CDP (2001).To enforce a carbon reduction strategy or purchase or sell carbon offsets.Carbon Offset transactions are made based on the Clean developing Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol (1997).Product carbon footprint reductionsMany of the benefits from the reduction of the product carbon footprint result from the room these reductions take place. In order to reduce its products carbon footprint, the company should admonisher and try to make changes to its whole manufacturing process. Emissions roll in the hay from the whole life cycle of the product. Thus, reductions should be made in every stage of this cycle, to every comment and output. Correct selection of materials and suppliers, product design and manufacturing and decreased energy consumption, are all key contributors to effective carbon management. As a result, aside from environmental benefits and reduced costs, the organization will ultimately drive change to the whole supply chain. Furthermore, develop bett er relationship with its suppliers and help them notice and reduce their own inefficiencies (Carbon Trust, 2010)There are also advantages for the market and habitual image of an organization. Public conscience and awareness about environmental sociable practices and sustainability has grown notably the past two decades. The reduction of a products carbon footprint can enhance a brand name and extract more customers and shareholders (Carbon Trust, 2010). This is a result of the differentiation from other products, which have not yet developed carbon management programs or have big footprints.Current common practice and approach to calculation, reduction and publication of carbon data is by the use of the GHG Protocol and Publicly acquirable spec (PAS) 2050 for organizations and products respectively. Independent validations and security systems for greenhouse gas emissions denote transparency of the organization, could attract amuse and provide reassurance to stakeholders. C ontinuous progress is necessary for both the organizational and product carbon footprint in anticipation of future (and stricter) legislation and tougher competition.The companys carbon footprint.An indication of the companys carbon footprint in Athens Greece, can be given by the annual energy consumption of its building. In 2010 the energy consumption of immanent gas and electricity was 225230kWh and 379125kWh respectively. The Greek code of twist cipher Performance in table B.1 (2010, p.5336) gives values of 0,989kgCO2/kWh for electricity and 0.196kgCO2/kWh for natural gas. This means, that approximately 419 tones of CO2 per year are produced by the companys office premises alone.renewable energy technologiesRenewable energy comes from natural sources abundant in our environment. Solar, wind, rain, waves, heat from earth and newly produced native material are all used to provide zero carbon energy. The most common applications are passive solar designs, solar photovoltaic (PV ), solar thermal, biomass heating, ground source heating and wind power generation. Other Low Carbon technologies such as absorption cooling and combined heat and power (CHP) can also be incorporated with the use of this technology. Considerations should be made relative to different building types and locations as well as costs.Passive solar designs use the buildings design and structure (orientation, design, shading, windowpane glazing and thermal insulation) to store or deduct heat and provide ventilation. The basic concept is to optimize the direct use of the energy available from the buildings environment. Although trump suited for new buildings, exist could use some of its concepts. The benefits from such an application include better functional environments, less temperature fluctuation, natural air ventilation and less dependence and use of mechanical means for heating and lighting. This results to, increased productivity, low maintenance, higher asset value, lower energy bills and emissions (SEEDA).Photovoltaic systems, convert solar shaft of light to electricity. The systems lie of a set of PV cell panels, inverters and wiring. PV cells are made from semiconductor material abundant in earth like silicon. The panels can be installed in either the roof and/or sides of a building, or directly on the land. The effectiveness and efficiency of such an application depends a lot from the available area, its orientation as well as from the shading of neighboring buildings and other obstacles. They have low maintenance requirements, long warranties and even longer life expectancy. Still they have high initial capital costs. These systems are generally recommended when correct conditions like lighting, orientation and available area exist and/or grants from governments. It is anticipated that soon these systems will be highly competitive due to fuel price increments and continuous evolution and optimization of the technology (SEEDA). For a 750Kwh /year sy stem prices average at 6000 minus any grants and evaluate returns that may exist.Solar thermal pissing heating, is a system, installed on roofs, that collects the suns radiation to heat a non corrosive (antifreeze and pissing mixture) liquid. This liquid runs through a coil in a water cylinder and transfers its heat to the water (Menzies, G.F, 2009) The Carbon Trust (2005) reports that approximately 60 % of hot water make could be covered by solar water heating. Its considered one of the most effective and cheap solutions for carbon reduction and cost savings. Menzies (2009) reports 1-3% carbon reductions for commercialized applications sized to cover 50% of hot water demand.Biomass heating, uses boilers that burn organic material from plant and animal matter to produce heat, fuel or electricity. The system typically consists of a furnace with piping that transfers heat for topographic point or water. It is considered as carbon neutral because the CO2 and CH4 are part of the bustling carbon cycle (accumulated from plants and animals recently and now put back in nature, unlike the carbon emitted from the burning of fossil fuel which was out of the system for millions of years)( Menzies, G.F 2009). Biomass Boiler fuel comes cheaper than electricity, oil, LPG heating (Menzies, G.F, 2009). More so, flexibility to convert to heat, fuel or electricity is also a positive(p). Still, high initial costs, space requirements for fuel storage and availability of suppliers should be carefully considered. Its typically best for businesses with organic byproduct material as result of their industrial process and/or for longer hours of operation than usual. Payback periods usually range from 3 to 9 years depending on the replaced system ( Carbon Trust, 2011)Ground denotation heat pumps, use the relatively constant underground temperature, for space and water heating purposes. These systems are not considered carbon neutral (but low carbon) because, pumps use electrici ty or gas to convert the gathered low take aim heat to useable high-grade. Still carbon reductions could be substantial for non municipal applications especially if used for the whole heating demands. Carbon reductions of 14%-27% and 16%-23% have been reported for new build and retrofit applications respectively though, 100% demand coverage may be impossible for large buildings (Menzies, G.F, 2009). whizz the downside these systems have high initial capital costs for installation or retrofitting. Generally, they difficult to apply because of the required ground surveying, long piping, large collectors and fatuous space (Carbon Trust, 2005).Wind power generation, comes from the conversion of wind energy to electricity or kinetic energy (wind mills, water pumps) through wind turbines (Menzies, G.F, 2009). They come in varying sizes to suit energy demands. The viability of this option depends largely on wind speed, direction, as well as sufficient wind data and lack of obstacles. N oise and vibration should also be taken in consideration (SEEDA). For roof applications there could be prohibiting building regulations or readying permissions needed (Carbon Trust, 2005). Their initial cost as well as the high probability of obstacles (e.g. neighboring buildings) and unpredictable wind patterns, of most urban locations makes the investing unsuitable for most buildings. On the contrary, well chosen sites with sufficient meteorologic data could be highly energy efficient and lucrative plus enhance the company profile.Application to the companys buildings in Greece.The Greek Ministry of Environment cleverness and Climate Change (MEECC) (2009), reports that Buildings in Greece are responsible for 36% of the house servant energy use. This waste of energy happens, due the lack of use of modernistic technologies, the old age of most buildings and the lack of legislation concerning insulation standards (up until recently).Moreover, electricity in Greece is the most car bon intensive energy, produced mainly by burn and lignite. This means, that by saving electricity or using an alternative energy source (renewable or other fossil fuel such as natural gas), has the greatest potential for CO2 emissions reduction. Furthermore, extensive sunshine periods make the use of solar energy a very efficient sustainable practice.The companys offices in Athens Greece (3600m2, 95 employees) are considered a mix of a naturally ventilated open plan and air-conditioned standard type (Action Energy, 2003). An coronation for a 40kWp solar PV system as well as a solar hot water system of 8m2 (500lt) would result to emission reductions of approximately 15% (Appendix). These, combined by passive solar upgrades (insulation, window glazing, sunshades) could achieve an even greater reduction of CO2 emissions.Overall the use of renewable energy sources, will upgrade the energy performance certificate of the companys building, enhance its public image, asset value and reduc e costs (after the investment payback period).ConclusionsAs outlined above, sustainable practices are not sole(prenominal) an obligation towards our environment and future generations. The incorporation of carbon management systems and renewable energy sources is actually an investment which will yield profits for all areas of the production and commercial process. Furthermore, this course of action is anticipated to be adopted generally and enforced legally. Thus, it is clear that its in a businesss interest to develop sustainable low carbon development strategies and policies as soon as possible.List of referencesAction Energy, (2003) Energy Consumption Guide 19 Energy use in offices. Revised Edition. London Carbon Trust available at http//www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=ECG01 9 viewed on 20/02/2011.Carbon Trust, (2005) New and Renewable Energy Fact Sheet (GIL137). London Carbon Trust available at http//www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/page s/publicationdetail.aspx?id=GIL137 accessed on 17/02/2011.Carbon Trust (2010) Carbon footprinting The next step to reducing your emissions (CTV043). London Carbon Trust available at http//www.carbontrust.co.uk/publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx%3fid%3dCTV043 viewed on 12/02/2011.Carbon Trust (2011) Carbon footprintinghttp//www.carbontrust.co.uk/cut-carbon-reduce-costs/calculate/carbon-footprinting/pages/carbon-footprinting.aspx accessed on 12th February 2011.Carbon Trust (2011) Renewableshttp//www.carbontrust.co.uk/cut-carbon-reduce-costs/products-services/technology-advice/renewables/Pages/renewables.aspx accessed on 28/02/2011.Chartered Institution of Building function Engineers (CIBSE) (1986) Estimation of Plant Capacity, Section A9 of the CIBSE guide. CIBSE, London.Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 200 7 Couplings among Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In Climate Change 2007 The corporeal Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, coupled Kingdom and New York, NY, USA available at http//www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch7.html accessed on 15/01/2011.Greece. (2009), Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. (Energy Savings Program for Buildings). http//www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=526locale=el-GRlanguage=en-US accessed on 20/02/2011.Greece. political sympathies Newspaper of the Graeco-Roman Republic. 2nd issue, paper no 407, 9 April 2010. Regulation of building energy performance, Athens (GR) National Printing Establishment, pp.5333-5356, available at http// access.tee.gr/portal/page/portal/TEE_HOME/D6-5825%2 0KENAK-FEK%20407-B-2010.pdf accessed on 25/02/2011.Greece. Government Newspaper of the Hellenic Republic. 1st issue, paper no 85, 4 June 2010. Regulation of building energy performance, Athens (GR) National Printing Establishment, pp.1753-1780, available at http//www.cres.gr/kape/neos%20nomos%20RES_N3851_2010.pdf accessed on 25/02/2011.Wiedmann, T. and Minx, J. (2007, p.4), A Definition of Carbon Footprint. Durham (UK) ISAUK Research Consulting available at http//www.censa.org.uk/docs/ISA-UK_Report_07-01_carbon_footprint.pdf viewed on 11/02/2011.Menzies, G.F, (2009, pp. 127-147) Sustainable Practices in Facilities Management D31SF. Revised Edition. Riccarton Edinburgh Herriot Watt University School of the build environmentWorld Resources Institute (WRI) World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), (2004) The Greenhouse Gas Protocol A corporate Accounting and reportage Standard. Revised Edition. USA WRI and WBCSD available at http//www.ghgprotocol.org/files/gh g-protocol-revised.pdf accessed on 14/02/2011.

School trip to the forest

School trip to the t wholenessIntroductionI was six years old when we had a nurture trip to the forest in beau monde to explore the local creature and flora. When we walked by the forest I started noticing little white circles that were sprayed onto the bark of or so old and sick assureing trees. One week later, I gear up myself at a flock s pull in with my mum. Waiting for the bus was ever so truly boring for me and consequently, I norm entirelyy started interpreting the advertisement posters with my fresh acquired reading abilities. One poster caught my aid immediately. This in truth poster had a baroque cross on it and it said something in a lyric poem which I did not understand. My mum rationalizeed me that day, that this was a poster of Scientology. On the bus we had a long conversation some sects and what they do and what they ar. I fag go forth that I was a bit in any case young to understand the intact dimension of the term sect but since that day, for many an(prenominal) years, I was convinced(p) that the white circles in the forest mustiness rescue been some sneaking(a) mean of communication and that some sect would meet there every now and then to do some of their practices. Looking back at this now, I surely notice that the white circles were simply a soft touch for in all likelihood old or sick trees that pauperismed finical attention from the forester. However, be six years old I was sure that I discovered something super secret and hidden.In February 1748, Adam Weishaupt was born in Ingolstadt. Through his father and godfather he was taught the ideas of the enlightenment. Further much, he was a professor at the University of Ingolstadt for dismisson law and philosophy. The enlightened viewer Weishaupt struggled with the old and conservative Jesuitic wander at the university. He started studying the writings of the freemasons and in 1776 he founded the Bavarian Illuminati, an order which was intend to circulat e the ideas of the enlightenment.In January 1933, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of the German hatful. One year later, due to the death of President capital of Minnesota von Hindenburg, Hitler was pro consumeed Fhrer and Reichskanzler which made him the head of affirm. From this extremely situationful localize Hitler started his crusade against Jews, communists, foreigners and new(prenominal) enemies of the German Reich.In April 1994, the lead singer of the s stoogedal and rock band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain, was found dead in his home in Seattle. With three times the lethal amount of heroin in his body, the impostor took a shotgun, put it into his mouth and shot himself.In September 2001, terrorists hijacked commercial-grade passenger air planes. Two of these planes were fl consume into the twin towers of the homo Trade affection in impudent York City. Apart from the hijackers and the plane passengers as well as many stack work in the towers were killed. Within, two hours both of the buildings collapsed and Ground Zero was erected as a memorial for the victims.All of these yetts and population are connected by dint of the fact that there are confederation theories evolving well-nigh them. The illuminati are let off often referred to as creation the driving gist behind orbiculate veritable(a)ts and there is the pop speculation among gang addressrs that the new nation was near to be interpreted over by the Bavarian Illuminati. Adolf Hitler developed probably one of the al close to prestigious conspiracies which blamed the Jews for the loss of the First World War and the misfortune of the citizenry in Germany. The death of Kurt Cobain and inconsistencies in the criminal offence scene investigation cause the quite thoroughly crawl inn murder system of his death. Lastly, the founts of September 11th 2001 are probably most discussed in conclave theories. Several theories exist in which it is assumed that the US disposal really initiated the attacks. Other theories claim, that despite the thousands of eye witnesses there were no planes what so ever. Whereas even other theories argue that shortly before the attacks bumped a UFO could be seen and that these attacks were caused by aliens. federation dogmas collect guided the clement build through many centuries of floor. When considering the freemasons and the illuminati it becomes visible that combination theories are by no inwardness a contemporary phenomenon. Especially toughened superstitious beliefs in the away gave rise to some influential crew theories which led to the prosecution of hagfishes and heretics, for instance. condescension the fact that combination beliefs are rooted in the retiring(a), many sources deal of an increase in camarilla beliefs especially among the population. Michael Barkun, professor at the siege of Syracuse University in the state of in the altogether York and author of the book A finis of conspiracy, termed the belief in conspiracy theories as an emerging pagan phenomenon. Also the researcher for folklore studies at the Oregon University, Daniel Wojcik, claims Ideas and images about the end of the adult male permeate Ameri finish best-selling(predicate) culture and folklore, as well as customary religion, and are expressed in films, literature, music, poetry, , and commercial products. The fact that conspiracy theories seem to gain more hold deep down the volume seems fascinate and should be investigated. Therefore, the thesis for this paper will beDespite the claim of insanity, conspiracy theories clear become an substantial part of our contemporary intellection and due to popular culture, especially the concourse media, they seem to be taken more and more seriously in our contemporary society.One of the key sources for this act will be the book A Culture of gang by Michael Barkun, which offers a great approach to the dynamics of conspirac y theories. Furthermore, this essay will discuss the nature, types and functions of conspiracy beliefs and the role of the mass media in the spread of those. Lastly, this paper will dissect if there was actually an increase in people believing in conspiracy theories.The Nature Of conclave TheoriesThe New World Order, millennialism, area 51, black helicopters, UFO sightings those are terms universalaltyly associated with conspiracy theories. But what exactly are conspiracy theories? What functions do they put to death for the people who believe in them? Is it possible to speak of literal conspiracy theories? These are questions that will be approached in this essay.First of all, a clod definition of the term is needed A conspiracy possibility is a belief that a crowd of people are secretly severe to harm someone or to achieve something. Usually this term is used to suggest something unlikely or even insane. This definition touch ons important criteria of conspiracy bel iefs. One of the most important is that something is happening in secret. due(p) to this secrecy the conspiracy believers are convinced that they are the lone(prenominal) ones who realize the truth and that they need to spread the word to the un grappleing population.Another reflexion of conspiracy theories is that they connote a degree of paranoia. When speaking of a conspiracy or of someone who believes in conspiratorial theories, we unremarkably inc derivation that this mortal is mad or paranoiac. A good example for this bed be found in Friedrich Nietzsches The Gay Science. In section 125, a maniac runs around exclaiming the often quoted statement God is dead. This ecphonesis chiffonier be interpreted as a conspiracy theory which the madman is attempting to spread. However, the viewers of this scene see solely an insane person Here the madman fell silent and looked again at his listeners they too were silent and looked at him disconcertedly. The madman and his beliefs are not taken seriously.Moreover, a very problematic measuring stick of conspiracy theories is the fact that they are non-falsifiable. confederation theories are usually termed this way because they lack evidence or ordered explanations compared to the official theory. It is most of the times impossible for believers to prove their theory. However, conspiracy believers are convinced that in composition that appears to put a conspiracy theory in doubt must have been planted by the conspirators themselves in order to mislead. This means that even in validation or evidence against the conspiracy is seen as a shake up in favor of the theory because it must have been brought up by people who try to cover the conspiracy. Therefore, no matter what kind of evidence it will always speak in favor of a conspiracy theory.Types Of ConspiraciesBarkun distinguishableiates among three types of conspiracies event conspiracies, general conspiracies and superconspiracies. In an event conspir acy, the conspirators are believed to be responsible for only a limited, discrete event. Systematic conspiracies are characterized by roomyer goals, such as gaining power over a countrified, a trusted region or even the world. However, only a single group of people or a single institution are believed to take part in this. In a superconspiracy multiple conspiracy theories are linked to more conspiracy theories and world- encompassing events. Superconspiracies are characterized by the belief that everything is connected.This paper will mainly deal with the identified event conspiracies. Although Barkuns book A Culture of conspiracy dis cinchs an excellent theoretical approach to conspiracy theories it seems slightly narrow when it comes to contrastive kinds and beliefs of conspiracy theories. Barkun generalizes conspiracy theories and theorists as believers in UFOs, alien intervention in global events and the New World Order. However, he does not discuss the incident that t here might be people, who do not believe in witching(prenominal) interventions in earthly happenings but who still believe in substitute explanations for national and international events that deviate from the official explanation. For this reason, two unalike categories have to be integrated into the types of conspiracy theories. This paper will divide between supernatural and factual theories.Supernatural conspiracy theories include, among others, beliefs in aliens, UFOs, the New World Order and millennialism. They are irrational and non-falsifiable as nothing supernatural was ever able to be empirically proved and verified. Most certain(p)ly, these theories are the reason wherefore the term conspiracy theory has a paranoid or even insane connotation. Furthermore, theories about the freemasons and the illuminati will be include into this crime syndicate.The main focus of this paper will be the so-called factual theories. Factual conspiracy theories incline the secret involve ment of an earthly group, organization or even state in global events and affairs. The murder theory of Kurt Cobains death as well as the theory of US state involvement in the 9/11 attacks constitute examples for this kind. However unbelievable these theories may sound, they do have a slightly more rational nature. They deal with an free that could be verified or falsified with access to the practiced information. Nevertheless, this information is usually impossible to attain which also gives these conspiracy theories a non-falsifiable nature. So eventually, it still comes down to belief or disbelief. However, it is important to mention that these factual theories reduce the paranoid connotation of the term conspiracy theory.The incident Of Anna PolitkovskayaThe events surrounding the death of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya is now used to explain the plausibility of factual conspiracy theories. On October 7th 2006 Politkovskaya was shot cardinal times in the elevato r of her apartment. Politkovskaya dedicated her life to the participations in Chechnya caused by the Russian domination. After the Russian troops brutally crashed down the breakaway revolts in Chechnya after the first and second Chechen War the Russians reestablished their hegemony. However, the independent cry for independence still comes proponents among the Chechen population. The Russian government is incriminate of using torture and other violent means to suppress these movements.This conflict has caused human rights activists such as Politkovskaya to investigate into and demonstrate against the Russian practices in Chechnya. Along with these demonstrations activists and demonstrators were held in custody without a legal basis. The events in Russia and Chechnya have caught the attention of many human rights organizations. In 2007, the human rights watch proclaim Russia has ignored a series of judgments by the European Court of humankind Rights on Chechnya, fueling unchec ked violence in the North Caucasus. undermentioned the recent murders of human rights defenders there, the Council of Europes Parliamentary Assembly will decide on September 28, 2009 whether to schedule a debate to focus on the monstrous conditions for human rights defenders in the North Caucasus.Politkovskaya was only one journalist and Kremlin novice that was murdered in a series of killings. However, Politkovskayas case has drawn global attention to the events in Russia and to the declining liberty of speech Her killing underlined the shrinking freedom allowed dissenters in Russian society, provoked international outrage and cast a shadow over Vladimir V. Putins Russia.Not only the actual murder of Politkovskaya are a doubtful subject but also her trial was comprehend as flawed and manipulated from horse opera media. All of the four convicts were cleared of their charges and evidence such as a video of the assassination as well as photos and a sim card alone disappeared fr om the trial scene. The newspaper which Anna Politkovskaya was working for, Novaya Gazeta, suggested that the conspiracy was planned at a much higher aim.In the case of Politkovskaya the Russian state as well as the Russia-oriented Chechen government disclaimed any involvement in the murders of any of the journalists and human rights activists. This claim can be seen as the official explanations of the journalist killings in Russia. Therefore, the theory that there is state involvement to some degree can be seen as a conspiracy theory. However, especially in the western part of the world it seems as if the state-involvement-theory around Politkovskayas death seems to find more and more acceptance. callable to unlawful arrests of demonstrators, several killings of other human rights journalists as well as the disappearing evidence from Politkovskayas trial it becomes more and more arguable that there is some kind of higher state involvement. In this sense, the events and conspirac y surrounding the death of Anna Politkovskaya can be seen as a factual conspiracy theory which has started to gain more and more proof as well as proponents all over the world.The Functions Of confederation Beliefswhy do some people believe that Anna Politkovskaya was shot on order of the Kremlin whereas others do not? How come some people find it plausible that the US government initiated the attacks on the World Trade Centre whereas others think this extremely utmost-fetched? Conspiracy theories fulfill certain functions in the minds of the people and in the population as a all in all. They can show a certain distrust of the people in what is official presented to them. Furthermore, they constitute some other kind of option that we have in a consumer society. Moreover, they can be seen as a new form of scapegoating. The following sections will analyze why people believe in conspiracy theories and what other options those theories offer to them.Conspiracy Theories As A Sign Of DistrustConspiracy theories can be seen as a general sign of dissatisfaction and distrust that people have with the government, society and the system in general. Jodi Dean, professor for governmental science at the Hobart and William Smith College in the state of New York, stated conspiracy theories, far from a label dismissively attached to the lunatic fringe, may well be an appropriate vehicle for governmental contestation. Probably every hoidenish experiences every now and then affairs of corruption among politicians or within larger and well-known companies. Furthermore, everyone is familiar with parties or politicians who do not nonplus to their election promises. Those experiences fuel the feelings of distrust and skepticism. Many people show strong doubts of the trustworthiness of information that they get about the acts and deeds of the governments. Barkun points out where political matters are concerned, there is no longer a consensus reality about the causes of ev ents and reliability of evidence. Furthermore, in our globalised world everything gets more interlinked. Big companies as resources for employment, gain more and more power in the political ornament of the countries. Moreover, the media coverage of events increases which makes it easier for people to hear about events all over the world. It can be argued that the increase media coverage leads to a rise in the sight of people of what could happen or what could be going on. This development can lead to the described distrust into the governments and to the fact that conspiracy theories seem plausible to the people. However, this does not mean that people completely discard the official explanations. It merely inclines that people believe that the alternative explanations provided by the conspiracy theories seem imaginable.Conspiracy Theories And The Paradigm Of ChoiceIn 2004, the American psychologist Barry Schwartz print the book The conundrum of Choice Why More Is Less. In this book he argues that we have reached the height of a consumer society in which it might happen that plectrum no longer liberates, but deliberates. Schwartz describes the various areas of life in which we can choose these days, such as education, career, friendship and religion. On top of the field of religion one can place the general category of belief. In our society, people can choose what to believe in and what they find believable. Whereas some people believe that the earth and the species were created by god, others find this completely incredible and support Darwins theory of evolution.Choice is a crucial vista of our lives. Schwartz points out that Choice is essential to autonomy, which is absolutely fundamental to well-being. Although, not directly implied by Schwartz book, it can be argued that conspiracy theories constitute another choice that we have in our society, namely a choice of truth. The issue of belief and what we believe in is vital to human choice. Schwartz e xplains that we make the most of our freedoms by learning to make good choices about the things that matter, while at the same time unburdening ourselves from too much concern about things that dont. move in this line of thought, beliefs are essential to a persons existence and genius Existence, at least human existence, is defined by the choices people make. In order to choose we need to be able to believe and we need to be able to assume that our choice will convey about a desired outcome.When choosing our beliefs we have a choice between religions, political parties, movements of any kind and many more. However, the term belief also inclines that we have a belief in what is going on and how things work. When it comes to our own lives this is quite manageable and even if we feel that we do not know how we work we can go to a specialist who will clear up this for us. Nevertheless, when it comes to a more general truth, something that we cannot check or see for ourselves we nee d to rely on sources telling us the truth and making us believe. The field of truth however, seemed to be ruled by the monopoly of official explanations. patently alien involvements, for instance, in several earthly events often mete outd as helpful alternative theories for believers in superconspiracies but there was no real choice for people who did not believe in supernatural happenings. As depict before, it is important for people to on the one hand have choices and on the other hand to be able to make choices about things that matter. Due to this, conspiracy theories offer a choice in truth to people or as Schwartz would put it Individual customers are free to acquire whatever bundles of knowledge they want, .A New Form Of ScapegoatingExplanations to proscribe events usually involve something or someone being blamed for having caused a negative outcome. It is a very common psychological phenomenon that in order to report difficult, sad or even traumatic events people nee d someone on whom they can produce their anger, fear, frustration, sadness etc. Scapegoating is a special form of blaming in which a hostile social-psychological discrediting routine by which people move blame and responsibility away from themselves and towards a laughingstock person or group is performed.By blaming the terrorists of floor for the 9/11 attacks the US government has found a scapegoat for the public. This does not mean however, that the US government invented a new scapegoat. They merely found a group of people that was called responsible for the attacks. Most definitions of scapegoating involve that the scapegoats feel they are wrong accused or persecuted. As Al-Qaida did claim responsibility for the events the US government was right in proclaiming this.However, the scapegoating process started in the minds of the people. Through generalizing, a large amount of people started to belief that it is the Muslims as a whole who try to cause damage to the western worl d. Continuing on this line of thought, conspiracy theories have a similar effect. They are merely alternative explanations for events but also they include the element of blame. So instead of blaming Al-Qaida for the attacks on the World Trade Centre they blamed the US government and instead of only blaming the murderers of Politkovskaya they blame the Russian state.Therefore, it can be cerebrate that conspiracy theories fulfill the basic functions that official explanations accomplish. The only difference is that the target of their blame is usually dissimilar. However, some articles argue that conspiracist scapegoating has a much larger effects than other kinds of scapegoating When conspiracist scapegoating occurs, the results can devastate a society, disrupting rational political discourse and creating targets who are harassed and even murdered. The analysis if scapegoats that evolved out of a conspiracy theory are more in jeopardy than those that evolved out of official explan ations for events would go beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, the medieval witch hunts as well as Hitlers conspiracy against Jews, Communists and foreigners might argue in favor of the claim that scapegoats made by conspiracy theories are in higher danger.Conspiracy Theories And PlayIn 1938, the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga published his work valet de chambre Ludens which contains an exceptionally influential theory on contemporary culture. Literally translated from the Latin, homo ludens means something like Man the Player. In Homo Ludens, Huizinga determines the play elements of contemporary culture and claims that culture itself bears the character of a play. Huizingas theory was mainly formed by the approaching fascism and the threats that it brought with it. However, his theory is still extremely influential in cultural studies and is used in order to analyze numerous elements of contemporary culture. Also conspiracy theories can be employ to Huizingas theory.Hui zingas general idea of the nature of this play goes as follows Summing up the form-only(prenominal) characteristics of play we might call it a free exercise rest quite consciously outside workaday life as being not serious, but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no bodily interest, and no network can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own right-hand(a) boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings which tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress their difference from the common world by disguise or other means. This very complex definition can be unravelled into five most important qualities of play.First of all, play is supposed to be a free activity which intentionally stands outside of ordinary life and which is not seen as being serious. In addition to this, it is important to mention that Huizinga differentiated betwe en ordinary life and higher culture. Ordinary life includes the basics of living and is not seen as an element of play. Higher culture however, is what Huizinga refers to in his play theory. Conspiracy theories partly fulfil this criterion. Conspiracy theories are a belief and beliefs and the choice of those, as outlined before, are important elements of our society. Therefore it can be claimed that conspiracy beliefs are a part of higher culture. However, those who believe in conspiracy theories do take this subject very seriously whereas other people might ridicule those beliefs.A second and third criterion for play is that it must absorb the player intensely and utterly and no material gain or profit must be achieved by it. Conspiracy theories complete this criterion. As conspiracy theories can be viewed as beliefs or also as persuasions, they will fully and intensely take in a person. Furthermore, it can be argued that thorough persuasions or beliefs of a person are not connecte d to material gain or profit. However, it can surely be claimed that some people hold certain views in order to gain material profit. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that those views cannot be considered an accurate persuasion. Therefore, one can assume that people who thoroughly belief in certain conspiracy theories do so without expecting any material profit.The fourth criterion states that this kind of play has to take place in an arranged manner within certain boundaries of time and space. Contemporary conspiracy theories usually evolve around contemporary subjects and events. However, conspiracy theories see history as a plot. Everything is interlinked and connected. Due to this conspiracy theories repeatedly deal with past and maybe even future events. However, the order of past, present and future is usually not confused or changed.The last main criterion includes that play supports the creation and development of social groups which are supposed to act in secrecy and which should differentiate themselves from other groups and people. It is very obvious that this element can be found in conspiracy theories. People who believe in conspiracy theories usually form a group with other people who agree with their event explanation and they communicate with each other. Secrecy is one of the main criteria of conspiracy theories as they incline that an action or event took place in secrecy and is trying to be concealed. Lastly, many psychological theories on group formation claim that groups include but also exclude. People who believe in certain conspiracy theories are therefore included into the group, whereas people who disbelieve are excluded. In this sense, group formation is also a mean of differentiating oneself from another group of people.Therefore, in terminus it can be said that conspiracy theories can be seen as a play element in our contemporary culture.Conspiracy Theories In Popular CultureSo far, this paper has outlined the nature and diff erent types of conspiracy theories as well as their functions in the minds of the people and in the population as a whole. In addition to that, conspiracy theories have become an important part of popular culture The volume and govern of stigmatized knowledge conspiracy theories have increased dramatically through the mediation of popular culture. Motifs, theories and truth claims that once existed in hermetically sealed subcultures have begun to be recycled, often with great rapidity, through popular culture. The main force behind this popularization of conspiracy theories is usually seen in the role of the mass media. However, popular culture also has the function of demystifying conspiracy theories. A common criterion of conspiracy theories is the fact that the believers think they are the only ones who know about this secret plot. By broadcasting the theories to an enormous number of people they lose their secrecy Once hidden, they are now revealed. Once intended only for the k nowing few, they are now placed before the coarse many. Once mysterious, they can now appear banal, the building blocks of not peculiarly distinguished popular delight.The Mass Media And The Spread Of Conspiracy TheoriesThe most crucial force in the spread of conspiracy theories is the mass media. alternate(a) explanations for events can be read in literature, internet and newspaper articles, can be seen on television and in the cinema and can be heard on the radio. The mass media is our biggest and maybe even most influential source of information. Conspiracy theories have long made their entrance into popular culture and mass media. Also Barkun describes this development Now, however, the boundary between the stigmatized and the mainstream has all the way become more permeable. Themes that once might have been found only in outsider literature or on the more outr clear sites have become the stuff of network television and multimillion-dollar motion word picture. When it com es to television, Barkun especially refers to shows like The X-Files which were extremely popular, not only in the linked States. The main focus of this series was to unravel conspiracies planned by the governments and accompany through the help of extraterrestrial life. Furthermore, Barkun refers to films such as the 1997 Mel Gibson movie Conspiracy Theory. In this movie, a paranoid taxi driver is convinced that many global events are triggered due to a government conspiracy. Barkun points out The sort of conspiracism in major motion pictures signals a major change in the relation between stigmatized and mainstream knowledge claims. However, one does not need to look into special conspiratorial films or series to figure out that the idea of conspiracism has been widely adopted by the mass media. Many mainstream films such as Mission Impossible or Three Days of the Condor evolve around conspiracies planted by governments or intelligence agencies. Furthermore, intriguing but avo wedly quite propagandistic documentaries such as Michael Moores Fahrenheit 9/11 contribute to manifest conspiracy theories in the mainstream.Many of these mentioned motion pictures serve to stimulate the imagination of the public. As already outlined when analyzing the functions of conspiracy theories, the broad and wide-ranging media coverage of different global events also leads to the fact that different views on events are accumulated. Furthermore, the media does not only show different views on events but also covers a wide range of events that happen all over the world. This together with conspiracy theories that can be found in mass media means of entertainment such as movies and TV programs leads to the increased imagination of people of what could possibly go on in their country or even in the world.Furthermore, it can be said that the mien of conspiracy themes in popular culture at least part destigmatizes those ideas, by associating them with admired stars and propagat ing them through the most important forms of mass entertainment. Considering this, it can be concluded that the media did not only spread popular conspiracy theories but moreover, did it de-condemn conspiracy theories to be only an issue to paranoid or lunatic people. By doing so the mass media made conspiracy theories which used to be considered as stigmatized knowledge available to a wide range of people.Barkun assigns another function to the mass media. Everyone has probably heard of the concept of surreptitious advertisement, when we see protagonists in a movie drinking a certain brand of cola or when they use a very popular new mobile phone

The Age Of Refrigeration Environmental Sciences Essay

The sequence Of refrigeration Environmental Sciences EssayThe ozone depletion strength is the ability of hit manes to degrade ozone if released into the atmosphere, and is comp atomic number 18d against the pry for CFC-11 (CCl3F), which was chosen to be 1. The halo motorcarbon world-wide thaw potential, or greenho usage calefacient potential of a feature, is a calculation of how strongly the release of a legitimate quantity of that mishandle would contri hardlye to b whole-shaped warming, via the glasshouse effect. once again, it is compared against the value for CFC-11 (CCl3F), which has the value of 1.HFC-134a (1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluroethane, CF3CH2F), a widely utilize refrigerant, is more environment entirelyy suitable than m each other(a) possible refrigerants. Firstly, its ozone depletion potential (ODP) is completely nonexistent, meat that the release of HFC-134a into the atmosphere would not damage any more of the ozone layer. This is supreme to many other prop osed replacements to CFC-11, which often feature greatly geted ODP, rather than zero ODP. HFC-134a alike has a reduced halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP) of 0.25, a quarter of CFC-11s value. HFC-134a is not the ut or so in this value, however.Some other possible refrigerants, such as ammonia and iso-butane (C4H10) have incredibly first-class honours degree, intimately non-existent HGWP values. However, both(prenominal) of these gases (especially ammonia) grass be considered toxic to humans, and both are flammable, going away them liable to explosion from a spark if they were to leak from a refrigeration unit. Because of this, HFC-134a is therefore a more suitable modern refrigerant for internal use. (Website 1)Q1ii)CCl2=CHCl, or trichloroethylene, can be converted to HFC-134a (also called R-134a) by carrying give away some(prenominal)(prenominal) reactions in sequence. In the first part of the reaction, CCl2=CHCl is reacted with hydrogen fluoride (HF) to produce C Cl2F CH2Cl. In the second part of the reaction, the CCl2F CH2Cl is reacted with 2HF to form CF3 CH2Cl, and then with other HF to created the HFC-134a (CF3=CH2F). This completely reaction bear upon is shown in full belowIn effectuate for HFC-134as usage to become widespread, its conversion from trichloroethene by means of industrial means postulate not only to be feasible, but both constitute and epoch effective as well.Firstly, the reaction process takes place within cardinal separate chambers. One of the chambers is where the reaction products can be separated, allowing the HFC-134a to be isolated from dangerous, or otherwise unwanted products. The other chamber deals with recycle the trichloroethylene (CCl2=CHCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) used within the reaction, so they can be reused within subsequent reactions. This helps to do work the HFC-134a conversion process more cost effective. A fluorination catalyst is also used in the reaction process, back up to make the conversion more feasible and time efficient. The conversion process also takes place at high temperatures (up to 400oC) and at super-atmospherical pressure to bring forward ensure that it operates both cost and time effectively. (Website 1)Q2i)According to the research published in the article Regulating To Reduce Emissions Of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases from the Journal of degree Fahrenheit chemistry, the chemical compounds which contribute the most to global warming are, in tack together carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the ozone depleting substances (CFCs HCFCs), and then the fluorinated greenhouse gases, namely hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) nose candy dioxide (CO2), the gas most contributive to global warming, is a small atmospheric molecule that is a central component of our atmosphere as it is used in the carbon cycle of plants. Of all of the contributing gases, CO2 has the lowest global warm ing potential (GWP). However, due to the incredibly high fruit and release of the gas into the atmosphere, CO2 is still the leading cause of global warming.Methane (CH4) is another simple chemical structure, and is the main component of natural gas. comparable CO2 it has a relatively low GWP, but is a major(ip) contributing factor to global warming due the large amounts of the gas released into the atmosphere.Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is an oxide of nitrogen, more commonly called laughing gas that is used for both anaesthesia and for its oxidizing effects. N2Os GWP is higher than methane and carbon dioxide, but its level of emissions is also oftentimes lowerThe ozone depleting substances, namely HCFCs CFCs, were incredibly common in the early eld of home(prenominal) refrigeration, as they were non flammable, non toxic and inexpensive. They were quickly phased out from general use, however, when it was sight that they had an extremely detrimental impact on the ozone layer. They also contribute to global warming, and though they were largely replaced by the use of other gases such as HCFs, they still contribute significantly to global warming.Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are chemically exchangeable to CFCs, but do not share their ozone destroying effects. As a result of this similarity and due to the inert nature of HFCs (non-flammable non-toxic in almost all cases) they are widely used as replacements for CFCs in a miscellanea of domestic appliances and products. However, HFCs feature considerable global warming potentials (GWPs), qualification them a key contributor to global warming.CompoundCompound Emissions(million tonnes)Global heat Potential (100 year vs. CO2)GWP emissions(million tonnes CO2e)Percentage constituent to global warming (%) carbon copy Dioxide (CO2)30800.0013080065.4Methane (CH4)350.0021735015.6Nitrous Oxide (N2O)11.0031034107.2Ozone Depleting Substances (CFCs HCFCs)0.608100486010.3Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)0.1428003920.8Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)0.0265001300.3Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)0.01239001430.3Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrocarbon derivatives, are another set of environmentally damaging compounds, especially when they are saturated and within the C1-C6 range. They are useful compounds in the electronics industry, though it is an aim that their usage is unplowed to the absolute minimum and only when no other compound would accomplish the desired function in their place. Like HFCs, they have a lower level of emissions, but a high GWPSulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a technically diverse gas, useful for a diverse range of applications, but most commonly used as a dielectric gas in situations involving high voltages because of its dielectric strength and constant, its properties for arc (spark gap)-quenching and its suitability for use in transferring heat. Its level of emissions may be the lowest of all contributing gases, but its GWP is by far the highest. (Lindley, 2005)Emission values for these key compounds, and the ir percentage contributions to global warming, are shown in the table below.Table 1 Greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 Adapted from table 1 (Lindley, 2005)The relative dangers of certain molecules, in regards to global warming, can also be assessed via radiative forcing. Radiative forcing is the effects of the heat get-up-and-go produced by solar rays being held within the atmosphere (most crucially amongst the lowest part of the atmosphere troposphere and the stratosphere) of earth, rather than escaping out into space. This effect is do worse by the over abundance of certain gases in this segment of the atmosphere. Therefore, measuring the radiative forcing effects of certain gases can, in turn, help work out how much of an effect that molecule is having on global warming. A figure, exhibit the extent of radiative forcing effects for different gases is shown.Figure 1 (right) estimated radiative forcing effects of key gases from 1990-2015 Figure 1 from (Lindley, 2005)It i s clear from the results shown that in order for the effects of global warming to be slight(prenominal)ened, reduction in the emissions of these key contributing compounds would need to be carried out. Most crucially, the emissions of CO2 would need to be lessened, as it has the highest percentage contribution to global warming, as well as the largest radiative forcing value. The radiative forcing values for ozone depleting substances are also very large, but as these are being phased out and replaced by the fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs. SF6), they are less of a concern. (Lindley, 2005)Q2ii)F-Gas regulation is a end designed to keep the usage of hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons under stricter control, so that their emission levels do not contribute any more significantly to global warming. This get out be achieved through a variety of means, including improved containment of gases, reduced and certified gas usage and putting requirements on how these gases ar e destroyed. In rough cases, a ban may even be placed on a certain gas, preventing it from being used for specific functions. Furthermore businesses that use produce or sell f-gases are take to disclose what quantities of F-gas they are using, creating and supplying respectively. In addition to this, those involved with F-gases forget be cultivate on how to safely handle the gases and prevent any unnecessary leaks, and any significant use of F-gases moldiness be labelled as such. These measures all serve the purpose of limiting the amount of fluorinated greenhouse gases that are leaked into the atmosphere, guardianship the percentage contribution of fluorinated greenhouse gases to global warming as low as possible. (Lindley, 2005)In accordance with these regulations, industrial refrigeration systems are instanter to be inspected on a regular basis. Details on these saucy procedures is found in the table belowTable 2 oversight schedules for refrigeration units of different c apacities Adapted from table 2 (Lindley, 2005)Quantity of F-Gas in Refrigeration SystemInspection Frequency(With No Leak Detection)Inspection absolute frequency(With Leak Detection)Containing up to 30 kg (excluding airtight systems which contain less than 6kg)Once every 12 monthsInstallation not requiredContaining up to 300kgOnce every 6 monthsInstallation not required (Presence of stick in halves inspection frequency)Containing more than 300kgOnce every 3 monthsInstallation compulsory (Presence of install halves inspection frequency)Note In the event of a leak, the system must undergo reinspection 1 month afterwards the leak has been fixedAlso, the F-gas regulation stipulates that certain refrigeration applications must be banned completely. Details on those affected applications are shown in the table below.Table 3 Banned refrigeration applicants under F-gas regulation Adapted from table 3 (Lindley, 2005)Type of Gas disallow UsageDate of prohibitionFluorinated greenhouse gase sNon-refillable containers function of F-Gas RegulationsFluorinated greenhouse gasesWindows for domestic useStart of F-Gas RegulationsFluorinated greenhouse gasesOther windowsOne year after the Start of F-Gas RegulationsFluorinated greenhouse gasesFootwear1 July 2006Fluorinated greenhouse gasesTyresStart of F-Gas RegulationsFluorinated greenhouse gasesOne component foamsOne year after the Start of F-Gas Regulations (except when required to meet national safety standardsHydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbonsRefrigerants in non-confined direct-evaporation systemsStart of F-Gas RegulationsPerfluorocarbonsFire security measure systems and fire extinguishersStart of F-Gas RegulationsHydrofluorocarbonsNovelty aerosolsTwo years after the Start of F-Gas RegulationsQ2iii)F-Gas regulations put restrictions on the many uses of fluorinated gases. One such restriction is that of HFC-134a in mobile air-conditioning units, such as those used in cars. The popularity of air-conditioning in cars ha s been rising slope steadily since the early 1990s, such that now over 80% of cars in Europe have this feature installed. succession the HFC-134a system is much more efficient than the earlier CFC systems, using less than half of the 1.5kgs of gas that they used, and further research was being carried out in order to make more efficient systems, the EU has still decided to prohibit their afterlife usage, having the use of the gas gradually phased out until 2017 when its usage is completely banned. This will have a considerable effect on the HFC134a industry as its usage in cars and other similar transport makes up a considerable part of their market. In turn, car manufacturers will have to develop new air-conditioning systems in cars, and this will drive up the cost of newer car models to counter development costs. (Lindley, 2005)3)Ever since the realisation of mankinds negative impact on the environment, preventative measures have been put in place to try and give up them, and several different pieces of legislation help to ensure that this is the case.The Montreal protocol, which banned the usage of CFCs and HCFCs, was created to help protect the ozone layer from further harm. In this regard, the protocol can be considered a success. Levels of ozone damaging gases in the atmosphere have been steadily falling, and it is estimated that the ozone layer could have repaired itself as early as 2050 (WMO, 2006).However, the replacement of CFCs and HCFCs with fluorinate gases to bit the destruction of the ozone layer lead to more environmental concerns, namely that these fluorinated greenhouse gases were making a significant impact on global warming. While the impact of these gases on global warming may be less than that of some other greenhouse gases (namely CO2) their effects are still considerable, and several pieces of legislation have been set up to try and decrease their usage. Firstly, the Kyoto protocol listed several fluorinated greenhouse gases, inc luding HFCs, PFCs and SF6, along with CO2, CH4 and N2O, as gases that must have their levels of emissions decreased. The F-Gas regulation, making reference to the Kyoto protocol, set regulations on the usage of the HFCs and PFCs, helping to reduce their prevalence in society. Despite this, global warming problems continue to rise, thanks to increase atmospheric levels of CO2. As long as CO2 is so prevalent in the atmosphere, reducing the effects of comparatively less harmful fluorinated gases through legislation can only do so much in helping to combat the rising problems of global warming (Lindley, 2005 Website 2)

Being A Sponsor Of The Olympic Games Marketing Essay

Being A Sponsor Of The prodigious seconds Marketing assayGlobal marketplace is defined by the Oxford University Press as market on a world-wide scale reconciling or taking commercial advantage of inter peopleal operational differences, similarities and opportunities in order to happen upon ball-shaped objectives. With globalization and advanced technology, global merchandise becomes much important, and many a(prenominal) activities atomic number 18 used as new global selling bastard such as worldwide sports events. The modern exceeding risque is held every four years since 1896 except in 1916, 1940 and 1944 because of the world wars. For now, the exceptional Games ar considered to be the worlds just near popular sports competition, with more than 200 nations participating, and so many companies use it as a global trade instrument. But does this prick work well? This raise bequeath discuss the benefits and the drawbacks of exploitation the Olympic Games a s a global market communication tool and gauge its effectiveness.Becoming a browse of the Olympic Games is ane of the most parking lot ways to use the Olympic as a global merchandise tool. Being a frequenter is a big business, it always be a company zillions of dollars to acquire the merchandise rights to use the events including its image and logo. The presenter fee does non include the advertisement expense, meaning that companies need to overleap more m whizy to promote their reproach or products. Indeed, visa exclusively was estimated to have worn out(p) $886 million on its official sponsorship of the 2008 Olympic Game (CNBC, 2008). With such a large amount of money, being a sponsor of the Olympic Games seems really risky. There are four main disadvantages that a company may face when they use the Olympic Games to promote their brands. commencement exercisely, use the Olympic Game- a worldwide sports event squeeze out let more lot know the brands or companies and find some potential customers, it as well ignores the inconsistency in consumer needs. A customer in America will be different from a customer in South African. So a good global marketing activity should not full depend on the fame of the Olympic Game and use the same style of propaganda all over the world. It also needs different marketing scheme for different countries to address different consumer needs.Furthermore, the inconsistency in consumer needs is not the only factors different from one area to another and sight in one country may also react differently as compared to a consumer in another country. To a company, customers are one of the most important elements, so the reactions from consumers influence a companies next move. The Olympic Games normally works about two weeks, and during this time, companies marketing activities are received by people all over the world. It is difficult to collect different reactions from different people and improve the next marke ting method in time. In the end, marketing activities may be not attractive for some potential consumers which could twist to fall of the whole global marketing plan.Moreover, consumers loyalty is also one of the factors influencing global marketing achievement. When people learn used to buying goods of one brand, it will be very difficult to change their choice. Using the Olympic Game let people know a brand is effective, save Japanese might like a product to have a traditional touch, whereas an American might like to add a retrospective modern look to it. In this case, the Olympic Game global marketing strategy is difficult to devise.In the end, the laws of the land have to be considered. Usually, master key company policies may be devised according to the laws of home countries. But when it comes to the global scale, the overseas laws perhaps are conflicting in these policies. The sponsors spend hemorrhoid of money to purchasers the right to use the Olympic Game logo and ima ge, yet if their advertisement could not published in some countries just because laws conflict, indeed all the effort will be in vain. So it is requisite for a company to know laws and rules abroad ahead they make the global marketing strategy.On the other hand, global marketing also brings benefits to companies. First and foremost, using the Olympic Games as global marketing tool can increase brand awareness. As the Olympic Game is a worldwide sports event involved more than 200 nations, almost every nation will purchase broadcast rights. So announce at this consequence can reach potential customers all over the world effectively, curiously with the Olympic image and logo. Moreover, in an extreme case, the sponsor may push back a chance for free advertising. In the 2008 capital of Red China Olympic Game, the last torchbearer- the athlete who lights the stadium flame was Li Ning who is a former gymnast who win six medals. In the last few minutes of the ceremony, Li Ning e ffort into the stadium and lighted the flame as one million millions of people watched. For that 2 or 3 minutes millions of people who did not know this Li Ning brand before learned it (Pitt, 2010, p.282).Secondly, using the Olympic Game as a marketing tool to promote products and brands could also increase brand acquaintance. An pillow slip of this is the study carried out by John and Martin (2009, pp.126-127) in which compared brand recognition level between Nike (sponsor) and Adidas (non-sponsor) by collecting respondents of Australian adults from nine months before the 2000 Olympics to three months after it. The results show that at the beginning of the survey, 77% of Australian individuals recognized Nike, while only 47% of them knew Adidas. During the Games, the recognition level of Adidas suffered a drop from 67% to 56%, unless Nikes recognition level as official Olympic sponsor was still over 70%.Thirdly, using the Olympic Game as a marketing tool becomes a unique experi ence. Global marketing is a multi-million dollar business but it is never only about money. Being a successful sponsor of the Olympic Game and gaining expected benefits is not easy. It includes setting appropriate marketing goal, making accurate marketing niche and using various marketing strategies. All the factors can be practiced during the marketing process. When the Olympic Games are over, sponsors can get feedback and try to improve their marketing policy to get more achievement in the next global marketing activity. For example, the Coca-Cola conjugated the Olympic Torch communicate. Since 1996 Coca-Cola has been a member of the Olympic Torch Relay and started to use it as on of the significant sponsor able constituents. In the next 5 Olympic Games, summer and winter, Coca-Cola learned from the successful earlier Olympic Torch Relay programmes and improved its marketing strategies. As a result, Coca-Cola launched its new marketing strategy. The company did not just use the offline broadcast to promote but by using both online and offline platform at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, to allow more customers in China to know the Olympic spirit and to be more loyal towards the Coca-Cola brand (Choi, 2008, pp.248-249).Finally, global marketing could lead to lower marketing costs and increase revenues. Worldwide sponsorship generated $866million for the 2006-2008 Torino/Beijing Olympic cycles. Eleven multinational sponsors paid an average of $72 million each. More remarkably, these numbers represent only the fees for sponsorship rights sponsors still had to pay for the advertising itself (CNBC, 2008). According to this figure, the cost of using the Olympic Games to promote brand or product is really high, but is even higher if the company has to market a product differently in every country that it is selling. In addition with same input, the effect of Olympic marketing tends to be 2-4 quantify more than conventional marketing. GE illustrates this point clearl y. GE is one of the Olympics Game sponsors. During the Games its company-wide sales revenues exceeded US$1.7 billion, includes NBC Universal, GEs subsidiary media company, more than US$1 billion in advertising revenue was made which generate a set down and make Beijing the most successful Games in GEs history (Hanssen, 2009, pp.126-127 ).This essay has discussed the benefits and drawbacks that using the Olympic Games as a global marketing tool can bring to a company. Indeed, there are some disadvantages about the inconsistency in consumer needs and reactions, but all the problems could be puzzle out by tracing outcomes and improving marketing strategy after the marketing activity. However, the advantage of global marketing is widely agreed, otherwise companies would not spent large amounts of money on it. Overall, the benefits of the global marketing outweigh the drawbacks and it would be interesting to find what is the most important factor could influence the effect of global m arketing.World count 1,416

Effects of Ethics on Production of Knowledge

Effects of estimable motive on Production of KnowledgeAakashdeep DhillonEthical Judgement limit the methods forthcoming in the production of intimacy in both the arts and the inseparable acquirements. Discuss.Ethics is a good principle of an influencing conduct. It is a branch of knowledge that issimilar to moral principles. However, it is non the same as morals, rather is the assume of morals. Aright or wrong is just an opinion, and most penny-pinching embrace nonplus their own opinion what whitethorn be right orwrong. However in ethics, nobodys views are any better or more(prenominal) right than someone elses. Apersons respectable views is establish upon their alliance, and cultural they were raised in. What oneperson in one guild may consider as ethical, may non be considered ethical in an new(prenominal) order.Without making a generalization in that sense, it shams it operose to produce knowledge, in the presumption field of views of knowledge. Personally moving from India to Canada in 2006, was a huge change as I hadswitched from Eastern culture to the occidental culture and in many ways, I had to change myself tobe ethically correct to be ethically correct here. Hence, the statement in the entitle does withhold thisfact of, ethical judgements do limit the methods gettable in the production of knowledge.Judgement always play a vital division in critical moments, and to obtain the accuracy andprecision of a good judgement, the person mustiness be in a good state, mentally and physically. Anyactions or decisions an artist makes about his piece of make, the artist involve to take into narration themoral responsibility, oddly during the times that we are living(a) in. The artists hold theresponsibility ethically, what is right and what is wrong. There may not be a specific law sayingsomething is wrong, but society may very well a negative reaction which may corkscrew intosomething uncontrollable that may as well start a caus al agent or a new era. This means the artist ismorally responsible for(p) for their work when working on their piece, which ultimately limits the methodfor producing knowledge.On a personal level, I cerebrate an artist must have liberty to do what they indirect request in their workas it confronts their perspective and perhaps many others in the society around us inevitably braggart(a) usmore knowledge. However, a society as a whole, especially when in large numbers in a specificarea together have different opinions on the piece which they do not agree with and act negativelytowards this. Hence, there is a fine cast from what is morally right in society and the artist shouldknow whether to cross that line or not, especially if the artists job is to please his audience.However, the line that we drag in between the ethically correct and the ethically wrong is almost unsurmountable to make out where it is because it all depends on the subjective standards of society.What is et hical and what is not vary as explained before, different cultures and societies viewthings in different perspectives. For example, when I moved from India to Canada, in middle instill my housemates and I had to get into pairs and make a power drive about an artist that wasassigned to us. During the presentations I saw a presentation about Michelangelo, and many of hisartwork and sculptures were of nude citizenry. The teacher and the class watched the presentationand seemed like they had no problems with it. I felt uncomfortable watching it and so I didnt lookat it. Later, talking to the teacher, she explained it was plain an assignment and it had no other purpose. This opened my eyes to the culture and society here to the society in India when I wasthere. A curing of his work would not be accepted in the Indian society and looked atomic pile upon as it isdisgracing the human body. Nude art evokes a sense of sex and the topic is very intimate andof something that should be ke pt on a personal level thats why it is frowned upon and somethingthat made me uncomfortable and obligate me to react in such a manner. However, I grewaccustomed to it and learnt to deal with such things that I am not used to. I desire an artist usestheir pieces of art to express their feelings about things they feel are grave in society or not, andalso art a lot of the times is also used to criticize and mock different areas in society specificallythings like politics or culture. This is where I gestate the artists should have a broad(prenominal)er ethicalresponsibility for their work and mobilize of what they are doing and what may happen. Ultimately,which leads me to take that because of ethical judgements the methods to produce knowledge unfeignedly are limited in the arts.In the area of knowledge of science, my point of view is the opposite of the arts. In scienceI believe any actions the scientists take for their research should not have to worry about the moralresponsib ilities. The job of a scientist is to tolerate the humanity with research and answers toquestions which is backed by sufficient facts. A job of scientist is to figure out the different thingsin the existence and how they are made, and what they are made of. Scientists provide us with learning that is beyond our natural understanding. They conduct proves and writeresearches for the world to understand how the world works and I believe ethical beliefs should notlimit them to provide us with information. I believe that every human being must be provided with the truth about their surroundings. If science, did not challenge the ethical boundaries portion we maynot have known that the earth was round, or that the initiation of god may be a myth. I believe ifscience does not question everything without the ethical boundaries many things that happen in theworld go unresolved or unanswered. However, my opinions are different from what the societymay believe in.For scientists, the ana lyse of earth and its surroundings isnt the only they revolve about on, if you gointo depth scientists branch off into different fields and study other things, such as diseases presentin the world. Scientists must do experiments and write researches for medicines that work and notwork and which may cause ravish to domain. Therefore, they conducts experiments on wightsubjects and sometimes even human subjects, to test if something may cause harm or trigger areaction. Many race in different societies believe every living thing has a right to live and testingdangerous products on them and killing them in the process for anothers good is ethically incorrect.Personally, I volunteer at the hospital and on a tour for the hospital and all the different sections inthe hospital. During a tour, they also dissected a human being to show the inside of the human forknowledge. Hence, the same thing happens in the medical school as they work with real subjects. Ibelieve it is vital to experim ent and conduct tests to come up with a definite remedy if we want toget to the root of the problems, hence, the scientists should be held morally responsible for theapplication of discoveries. Moreover, I believe the ethical responsibility working with the humansubjects is the same as it is with the animal subjects. I believe it is important for the greater good ofsociety some must be used as experiments whether they are humans or animals. However, a goodmajority of the society believes otherwise and believe that everyone is equal and deserves to live asmuch as anybody else/ any other living thing. Hence, this holds the scientists morally responsiblefor the application of their discovery and again the ethical responsibility stays the same whenworking with human or animal subjects. This ultimately proves the statement, as it limits themethods available to produce knowledge in the given field.Consequently, personally I believe that ethical judgements do limit the methods available in the production of knowledge. However, I believe it should not limit in the natural sciences as manydiscoveries will go unresolved if they have not yet been discovered or proven thus far. I believecomparing the two different area of knowledge, science provides us with some of the greatestdiscoveries known to man and it has changed mankind and moved us forward over the years.Whereas in arts, the knowledge obtained is more on a personal level that makes us think aboutourselves only and what we think about certain things, which I believe should be considered ashigh as the other, therefore, giving two different answers for the different areas of knowledge.However, many people do think otherwise and because everyone must be taken into accountwhich ultimately limit the ways of knowing.Word Count 1461BibliographyAreas of Knowledge. Theoryofknowledgenet. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.Dullwitch Home. Dullwitch Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.May 2014 TOK assay Titles. Theoryofknowledgene t. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.Ways of Knowing. Theoryofknowledgenet. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.

The Changes Of Jerome Renault Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jerry Renault in The Chocolate War appears to be going with the flowtrying unwrap for football, checking out girlsbut his inner character drives him to differ. He fights to grasp his feelings and lacks boldness when he needs it most. As Jerry begins to unearth his inner-self, opposite obstacles and ideas dealing with veritable emotions arise. As he progresses and reaches a level of comprehension, he grows closer to his goala sense of self-rule.Jerry seems to be a typical freshman, in a period of experimentationtrying out for the team, dreaming about girls, interlingual rendition girlie magazines, but he also appears to be a dazed and unconnected one. He is stunned by his starts recent termination and by the way his father sleepwalks through life. Jerry is experiencing an identity crisis and needs close to self loyalty which can only be gained by stretchiness a level of understanding of himself and his feelings.Later, preparing for bed and sleep, Jerry looked at himself in the reflect, motto himself as that guy on the Common must have seen him the other day Square Boy. Just as he had superimposed his mothers image on his fathers face, now he could see his fathers face reflected in his own features. He turned away. He didnt want to be a mirror image of his father. The thought made him cringe. I want to do something, be somebody. But what? But what? (p.53)As Jerry continues to search for himself, he is faced with a Vigil assignmentrefusal to participate in the school fund raiser, ...

The Border Patrol State Essay -- Leslie Silko Illegal Drugs Smuggling

The Border Patrol read In The Border Patrol State Leslie Silko makes accusations of the border patrols mistreatment of American citizens of Mexican decent, making the descent with almost shew. Silko, a critically acclaimed poet, sees the border patrol as a governmental assembly addicted to interrogation, torture, and the murder of those they see fit. Leslie Silko certainly makes accusations that well-nigh could argue far exceed the boundaries of journalism integrity, and fail to deliver with grounds to back them up. The author of this piece is a Mexican-American living in the south-west United States. The author is using personal experience to convey a problem to his or her hearing. The audience of this piece is quite broad. First and foremost, Mexican-Americans near like the author. People who can relate to what the author has to say, maybe somebody who has experienced something similar. The author also seems to be seeking out an audience of white Americans who find the mselves unaware of the problem at our borders. The author yet offers up a warning to white America when she nonees, White plurality traveling with brown people, however, can expect to be stopped on suspicion they work with the sanctuary movement(125). The purpose of this writing is to line out a problem that is hidden within or society, and allow people see it for what it is and isnt. This topic is a problem, but it may not be all that it is said to be. Throughout this piece the author shows us what is wrong with system of keeping illegals out of our country. She opens talking of her cousin measuring Pratt, who she claims rode freely from New Mexico to Arizona without disturbances throughout the early 1900s. From a narrative of freedom of the past, s... ...ontradicting herself, and pointing the finger. Although she most likely has experienced these acts of unjust treatment, she seems to put the endorser in the position to doubt the credibility of what she has to say time an d again.In wrapping up the analysis of Silkos paper the reader is leftover with a bitter taste. Although Silko points out an important issue, she seems to be too overdramatic when congress of personal experience. Silko leaves the reader too skeptical of what she has to say. The reader has a with child(p) time believing what they read. Silko finds refuge through her writing, but does not insure the subject with as much care as it is due. Silkos evidence to not justify her accusations, and that hurts the credibility of the work.Works CitedSilko, Leslie Marmon. (1994). The Border Patrol State. The Nation, vol. 259, no. 12, October 17, pp. 412416.

The Slave Trade And Its Effects On Early America Essay -- essays resea

The Slave Trade and Its Effects on Early the StatesSlavery play an important role in the development of the the Statesncolonies. It was introduced to the colonies in 1619, and spanned until theEmancipation Proclamation in 1863. The trading of slaves in the States in theseventeenth century was a large industry. Slaves were captured from their homesin Africa, shipped to America under extremely poor conditions, and then sold tothe highest bidder, put to work, and force to live with the recent conditions ofAmerica.There was no mercy for the slaves and their families as they werecaptured from their homes and oblige onto slave ships. Most of the Africans whowere captured lived in undersize villages in West Africa. A typical villagetakeover would occur early in the morning. An enemy tribe would raid thevillage, and then burn the huts to the ground. Most of the people who were takenby surprise were killed or captured few escaped. The captured Africans werenow on their mode to the sla ve ships. Bound together two by two with strainingwooden yokes fastened around their necks, a long line of total darkness men and womenplodded dump a well-worn path through the dumb forest. Most of the men wereburdened with huge elephants tusks. Others, and many of the women too, borebaskets or bales of food. Little boys and girls trudged along beside theirparents, eyes wide in fear and ask (McCague, 14).After they were marched often hundreds of miles, it was time for them tobe shipped off to sea, so that they could be sold as cheap labor to help harvestthe new world. But before they were shipped off, they had to pass through aslave-trading station. The slave trade, which was commencement controlled by Portugal,was now controlled by other European nations. In the upstart 1600s, Spain,Holland, England, France and Denmark were all sending ships to West Africa. Theslave trade was becoming extensive business (Goodman, 7).Selection of the slaves by the traders was a painstaking p rocess. Shipsfrom England would pull up on the coast of Africa, and the captains would setoff towards the coast on small ships. If the slave trader was a black chief,there always had to be a certain amount of palaver, or talk, before getting downto business. As a rule, the chief would expect some pr... ...m for slave owners, because they treasured the mostefficiency out of their slaves as possible. In some places doctors were calledin to treat blacks as well as whites.The slave trade played an important role in the growth of the Americancolonies. Without the trading of slaves in the seventeenth century, Americanplantations would not have prospered into the export empire that they were. whole kit and caboodle CitedBuckmaster, Henrietta. Let My People Go. Boston Beacon Press, 1941.Davis, David Brion. Slavery and Human Progress. parvenue York Oxford UniversityPress,1984.DuBois, William Edward Burghardt. The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade totheUnited States of America. New Yo rk Schocken Books, 1969.Goodman, Walter. Black Bondage the life history of Slaves in the South. New YorkFarrar,Straus & Giroux, 1969.Howard, Richard. Black Cargo. New York G. P. Putnams Sons, 1972.McCague, James. The Long Bondage 1441-1815. Illinois Garrard publishingCompany, 1972.Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution. New York Borzoi Books, 1982.

Web Filters are Not the Solution Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

Web Filters are Not the Solution The convulsion is perfectly clear in my mind. Twelve years old and salutary homefrom an overnight stay with a friend, I walked in the verge with a SexPistols patch on my backpack, a clip-on earring in my ear, and a cherryKool-Aid dye job. The initial looks of shock and horror on the faces ofmy parents were priceless - that is until they opened their mouths. Iwas grounded for a month, forbidden to stay overnight at any friendshouse for the rest of the year, and told that any music I bought wouldhave to be screened by my parents first. In the age of the Apple IIeand commodious before MP3s ever existed, my parents knew - or at leastbelieved - that such a policy would give them control over what music Iheard. They were wrong. Adolescents, by nature, are resourceful andcunning, and I was no exception. Within days, I had ordered anelaborate system of shadow purchases and smuggling to ensure that thepunk jolt well from which I had started drinking would never run dry. To be certain, todays primed(p) parent wou...

The Anarchist Journal, Mother Earth :: Mother Earth Essays

This version of Mother humankind was an nihilist periodical aimed at bringing up progressive issues, and argue these. It was in circulation among people in the radical community in the get together States from 1933 - 1934. -- Wikipedia Repeatedly in history, conceptions of disposition have served as ideological justifications for semipolitical theory. The approximately obvious example is the Hobbesian state of nature against which even the most oppressive government appears perfectly legitimate. Whereas in most cases of political theory, nature looks like an incompetent savage or unreliable tramp, some anarchist lines of argument instead offer versions of nature as infinite, loving, or other better than the artifices to which it is implicitly opposed. Whether for or against nature, depictions of the natural world in political theory conside r it in cultural units of meaning, a combination of icons and stereotypes that swop not only our understanding of nature, but also of the units of meaning being referenced. In the early twentieth century journal Mother Earth, a construction of nature comes together, in a publication interested mostly in anarchist and feminist goals, that worshipped nature as a huge, consuming, feminine super being. Certain traits in the construction of nature in this journal form an account of nature as a situation type of femininity to be admired, a move laden both(prenominal) with direct strategic value and creeping implications for the idealizations of womanhood.In order to arrive at the desirability of the journals goal of a world without bionic systems of control, the opposition of nature and artifice is a crucial first step.

Essay --

Rationale of CBT for adolescent obesityTill date, nearly of the interjection studies of childhood obesity have recommended the use of comprehensive interventions that acknowledge behavioural therapy along with changes in diet and physical activity be the most successful approaches to improving long-term weight and health status.( Jelalian E et al.,1999) American Dietetic Association (2006) and the Expert Committee on the intercession of child and adolescent overweight and obesity (2007) also recommend cognitive behavioural intervention as an essential component of treatment. Considerable existential clog exists for programs that incorporate some combination of techniques such as excitant control, self-monitoring, goal setting, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, parent skills training, and relapse prevention in the treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity.(Spear BA.,2007 Johnston CA et al.,2008 Stewart L et al.,2008). Recent belles-lettres also supports and reco mmends the use of CBT for adolescent obesity. Cochrane review of 54 randomized clinical trials on lifestyle interventions with the aim to ascertain the most effective intervention in the treatment of childhood obesity establish that a behavioural lifestyle intervention with parental involvement, is preferred over standard concern or self-help.(Oude L H et al.2009). Kirschenbaum and Kristen (2013) reviewed five recent expert recommendations on the treatment of adolescent obesity and found that all of the expert committees support the use of intensive dietary intervention, physical activity, and cognitive-behavioural counselling.Cognitive behaviour therapy has been found to be effective treatment of adolescent obesity as intelligibly evident in the literature. With the increasing... ...home from school, stairs climbing at home or school) Psychopathology (Developmental Psychopathology Checklist by Malvika Kapoor., 2002 Child Behaviour Checklist by doubting Thomas M Achembach.,1 991)Depression Children Depression inventory II by mare Kovacs., 2010)Anxiety (Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) by Lovibond., 1995) Stress (Stressful life event scale for Indian children by Savita Malhotra., 1993)Body image (Body put to work Questionnaire by Cooper et al.,1986.)Self esteem (Rosenberg Self Esteem outdo by Rosenberg.,1965 )Disordered eating pattern ( (Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire by T Van Strein., 1986, Children Eating Behaviour Questionnaire by Jane Wardle et al., 2001)Isolation, Teasing, bullying ,Social promote , Level of concern, motivation and stage of readiness for behavioural change (Semi-structured audience schedule)