Why is language a cultural resource and Should provisions be made for Essay

Why is linguistic communication a cultural resource and Should provisions be made for the support of lesser used and autochthonal spoken languages in th - Essay ExampleFor an ethnic group, it forms part of the modal value meanings are constructed and contexts are created, facilitating well-disposed relations. It is, hence, easy to understand why ethnic groups cling to their languages with such fervor even when living in a foreign society language is part of their cultural identity. The dynamics of this fact is illustrated in the way bilingualism persists among Americans. Latinos, Asians and other ethnic minorities speak at least two languages. Collectively, they represent a sizable packet of the American population. In education, this issue is important because, until only recently, the erstwhile government policy on language is English only. The government reduced support for bilingual programs in education, effectively reducing bilingual teachers in the process. According to Katz (2004), if this policy will continue, it will seriously affect the chances of the children of the 47 million non-native English speakers at present and in the future. Teachers who understand the language requirements of students would be scarce and students study in sink-or-swim mainstream English classes, effectively compromise the attainment of academic proficiency.

Find a Supreme Court case that deals with Section 1983 violations Essay

Find a Supreme Court facial expression that deals with variance 1983 violations. Research the trip in some depth - Essay ExampleIt provides a remedy for deprivation of rights, such that the plaintiff has to sample individual(prenominal) involvement of the defendant, the defendants nature and quality of available immunity and the factors that willing influence the alleged wrong. Defenses for federal, local and state government are qualified immunity in divide 1983 lawsuits. Additionally, prosecutors, judges and security officers have absolute immunity in Section 1983 lawsuits. Bivens claims that there has to be personal liability acting under the Color of Law. This implies that the person has to be subjected to the cause and must prove that they were deprived of their rights (Lippman 473).A Supreme Court case regarding civil remedies is good v. State of Florida which took place in the Supreme Court of Florida. This case involved an inmate (Darling) challenging the use of letha l injections administered in conformance with air divisions 27.702 and 945.10, under the Florida Statues (2007). Additionally, the inmate wanted the court to overlook the mentioned sections and mentioned that Capital Collateral Regional Counsel Attorneys could not legally aid capital perpetrators like himself in challenging the motion method under Section 1983. The ruling rejected Darlings claims but agreed with the claim regarding legal aid by that permitting attorneys to file section 1983 for their capital defendant clients only of they are challenging the execution method. Clearly this case offered Capital Collateral Regional Counsel Attorneys representing capital defendants immunity as per section 1983. True to Bivens words, Darling had to prove he was deprived of his civil rights. This he did by claiming that lethal injection method of execution is an unconstitutional and cruel punishment. This case opened the door for the capital defendant immunity as per section 1983 there by gaining defense from post-conviction motions. In the light of the supreme law, the Appellee (state of Florida) acted within

Winding River Basin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Winding River Basin - Essay ExampleA stakeholder is someone who is use of an activity or anyone who has an interest in that finical activity hence is ultimately impacted by it. In this particular project, the governments of the aforementioned countries through various representatives are the major(ip) stakeholders since they are responsible for formulating statutory regulations as rise as policies that guide the effective implementation of the project. Governance is particularly concerned with influencing the course of action with the major aim of achieving desired results. For instance, decentralization of authority from top to bottom would ensure effective counseling as each stakeholder involved would have a significant role to play hence they would be part of the project. Involving various stakeholders would promote compliance hence governance in the form of controlling or checking betterment would be made easier.Decentralization of power and authority in the management of th e project would ensure its dominance as well as mutual understanding among tout ensemble stakeholders involved. Every member of the community should be involved in the overall project as this would give a sense of belonging to a certain activity. Controlling should be done at every stage as a track of ensuring that every sector of the society is well informed about the benefits of the project.Basically, effective implementation of the WRB project management would require concerted efforts of all stakeholders involved as this would ensure optimum compliance by all members of the societies impacted.

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MPH 504 - Epidemiology (Module 2 - SLP) - Essay ExampleThe first source of information for hypothesis generation in any irruption is causa-patients group which will provide valuable information on the potential sources of exposure (Meijia, 2006). In case the case-patient is unavailable, family member or friend moldiness be interviewed. In case, the case-patient is a child, or guardian must be interviewed. Based on the size of the outbreak, about 8-10 cases of different demographic characteristics must be selected for the interview. favourite(a) are those cases which have occurred during the middle of the outbreak and those with typical case presentations. However, it is important to remember that even curious cases may provide important clues. The following questions may be asked (Meijia, 2006)4. Given your knowledge about E. coli O157H7, the descriptive epidemiology of the initial cases, and the results of hypothesis-generating interviews, outline the information available at th is point on the source of the outbreak and elbow room of transmission.The source of outbreak has been attributed to alfalfa sprouts and lettuce. Thus the possible sources of contamination are deer feces, cattle mire and irrigation water. The mode of transmission is

Letter requesting OPT addressed to DSO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter requesting OPT addressed to DSO - Essay ExampleSome of the concepts that I book acquired through the course include management information systems, subscriber line strategies, finance, law, marketing and accounting among others. These concepts and other concepts in business administration are closely related to the role of a business analyst in various ways. Firstly, business administration provided one with a foundation for understanding business processes, strategies, and the general business environment. The course has also familiarized me with the methodologies, tools, and processes involved in the successful analysis of businesses.I possess not bad(p) leadership skills having held numerous leadership positions at school. I cherish teamwork and collaboration in order to arrive at a common objective. I have the ability to learn fast and develop competencies in actually diverse areas including financial modeling, comparative analysis, comparative analysis, tax planning, and investment strategies. In addition to my analytical skills, I also possess advanced computing machine skills. I have expertise in various computer programs including MS office suits and programing languages such as SQL, VB, and HTML.I have attaches a sample of my sorb for consideration. I would appreciate the opportunity to come at your premises for an interview where I can rectify more on my skills I relation to the

3 to Choose From Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

3 to Choose From - Essay fontThe recent nuclear dynamism agreement (1-2-3 agreement) signed between India and America is the best example for the interests in nuclear energy by developing countries like India. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion ar the both scientific processes used to liberate energy from the nucleus of an atom. Both these processes have its scientific point of view in the famous relativity theory formulated by the well known scientist Einstein. The equation E = mc2 (E-energy, m- mass of the matter and v velocity of light) formulated by Einstein serves as the base for these two processes nuclear fission and fusion. Through this equation Einstein established that matter can be reborn to energy and vice versa.Nuclear fission is a process of splitting up of a concentrated nucleus by a fast moving neutron. Mostly one of the isotopes of atomic number 92, U235 is used for the fission purpose. When U235 is bombarded with a neutron, it will be accepted by the U235 n ucleus and becomes U236. But U236 isThis reaction was first studied by Enrico Fermi and his colleagues. But they failed to interpret the results properly. They could not identify the reason for the formation of two new elements when Uranium nucleus was bombarded with a neutron. But German scientists Otto Hann and Fritz Strassmann were successful in explaining the process. They have concluded that if a extensive nucleus like uranium-235 breaks apart (fissions), then there will be a net consecrate of energy because the sum of the masses of the fragments will be less than the mass of the uranium nucleus. (Nuclear Fission)Nuclear fusion is the reverse process of nuclear fission. Here two light nuclei were combined to form a wholeness heavier nucleus. It is a process in which both energy absorption as well as energy liberation takes place. It occurs naturally at stars. The Sun is able to produce huge amount of heat except because of the fusion reaction happening in it. Unlike

Action Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action Project - Research Paper ExampleI ordain be able to conduct my professional care in different ways such as load-bearing(a) my students that exhibit physical and slight mental disability to actively participate in inclusive classroom proceedings from the knowledge gained throughout the ARP. I will provide after school programs to student with disabilities to sustain the extra remediation they need to pass class ad end-of-course exam. Additionally, I will come up with effective co-teaching strategies to batten down that every student in my inclusive classroom including students with disabilities comprehends adequate background discipline on subject through collaborating with my co-teachers. I will ensure that I will follow the encompassing evaluation and assessment process kinda than plainly the normal grading system. Furthermore, I will ensure effective parental involvement for the student with disabilities underscoring tests and gear up frequent meetings with them to discuss strategies to ensure their childrens academic, social, and behavioural success. RecommendationStrive to understand the problem you intent to research on and not proving it at the earlier time possible of the graduate program. This is one of my recommendations to students incoming the process of action research project. The main intention of an ARP is to promote professional and personal actions by engross of the problem statement and planning matrix. Most importantly, a student staring the process should chose a rather specific section.... strategies to ensure that every student in my inclusive classroom including students with disabilities comprehends adequate background information on subject through collaborating with my co-teachers. I will ensure that I will follow the comprehensive evaluation and assessment process rather than just the normal grading system. Furthermore, I will ensure effective parental involvement for the student with disabilities underscoring tests and arrange frequent meetings with them to discuss strategies to ensure their childrens academic, social, and behavioral success. Recommendation Strive to understand the problem you plan to research on and not proving it at the earliest time possible of the graduate program. This is one of my recommendations to students entering the process of action research project. The main purpose of an ARP is to promote professional and personal actions by use of the problem statement and planning matrix. Most importantly, a student staring the process should chose a rather specific section research question or topic. The students should be ready to dig deep reviews of a particular problem to come up an appropriate understanding of the concept before conducting the action plan. Considerably, well-nigh students strive to pass the ARP unit for their academic devotions. However, this should not be the case and the students in pursuit of parturiency this process should focus on gaining professio nal and personal knowledge and skills on the area of action plan. Aspects that would arrive improved my ARP My action research project was successful in portraying the learning challenges that students with disability buttock throughout their education process especially substantial failure to pass tests. However, a number of factors would sustain made my action

The study of Market Entry Strategies of SGP to expand into China Literature review

The study of Market Entry Strategies of SGP to expand into China - Literature reassessment ExampleDuring its expansion programs SGP already had bought a stake in Chinas Liquid rock oil Gas grocery storeplace and is looking forward to become the market leader for the product. (Forbes.com, 2010). Literature Review unmatchable of the largest Liquid Petroleum Gas distributors, SGP based in Thailand as studied focuses on its strategic fit on gaining adit into the Chinese soil. To this end, Levi (2006) states that the system devised by a corporation to make its entrance into a totally new or sub-divided market is better known as the market entry strategy for the company. These plastereds push adopt a nonher strategy to support its expansion to newer markets. This strategy helps the firm to make logical allocation of its resources to gain the potential of effectively operating in the newer markets. Levi (2006) further states that through and through with(predicate) the employmen t of the market entry strategy the firm successfully draws out a plan to tap the newer markets. The plan incorporates an lookout station through which the newer market is properly segmented and effective plan of actions are chosen to meet the demands of the place group through acquisition and expansion operations. The central component of the strategy taken by the company to destroy into newer markets is constituted by ascertaining the mode of entry by the company into the foreign market. Research do along several firms on a global scale confirms that there are mainly v modes through which a firm plans to make a foray into foreign markets. (Levi, 2006, p.34). Levi (2006) states in this regard that entry models like exportation, licensing, financing, building up a joint venture with the foreign firms and physical composition of subsidiaries in the foreign land are considered feasible by a firm willing to enter into foreign markets. Each of the several modes of entry has signifi cant gains and disadvantages which can be underlined as follows. The company through the export mode targets to push the products produced in its own country to the foreign market. Thus the company is not required to set up a new factory in the foreign market. The company through the export mode endeavours to build vast follow of revenues by merchandise a large tour of products to the foreign nations. Export strategy used by the firm to enter into foreign markets however faces many distinct disadvantages. The company using such strategy may have to face the stringent regulations and market policies of the foreign market which can prove detrimental to its expansion. The cost of transferring products along the borders also tends to impose huge costs to the production firm. Again the foreign market may happen to be non-demanding to the products produced by the exporting firm. The level of obstruction can also result out from the barriers relating to difference of culture between t he exporting and the receiving nation. Thus the above reasons may happen to make the export mode unsuccessful for the exporting firm. Levi (2006) further observes that the company can also take help of transferring the license to produce a stated amount of the products and thereby to market the same in the foreign market. In that the company renders a sum to the firm in the foreign nation taking such task. The company operating through the licensing mode gains the advantage of cost for not

Nursing shortage, a major healthcare issue Research Paper

Nursing shortage, a major health foreboding young - Research Paper ExampleThe seriousness of the matter can be gauged from the following reports. In July 2007, American Hospital Association released a report that U.S hospitals needed approximately 116,000 RNs to fill vacant positions. Percentage well-advised this translated into 8.1 portion of occupied positions. Dr. Peter Buerhaus and his team estimated that shortages of registered nurses in the U.S. would reach as high as 500,000 as per their report released in 2008. They stated in their report that demand for RNs is likely to grow by 2-3 part each year. (Nursing Shortage) The 2008 play along of registered nurses indicate that as of March 2008, there were 3063,162 libertyd registered nurses staying in the U.S. This survey indicated that only 153,806 RNs were found to be working much over the last survey of 2004. However, it was found that 444,668 RNs obtained their license between 2004 and 2008. This indicates that 291,000 R Ns surely went out of nursing services either due to retirements or due to opposite reasons. (The Registered Nurse (a)) This trend surely indicates that matter could become grave in few years time. U.S. federal agency of Health Professions report supply demand projections of Registered Nurses up to the year 2020 that is depicted in the following graph. home(a) Supply and Demand Projections for RNs, 2000 to 2015 Source Bureau of Health Professions, RN Supply and Demand Projections URL http//bhpr.hrsa.gov/health workforce/nursingshortage/default.htm archives and Evolution of Shortages of Nurses in Healthcare Though nursing shortages are observed from the days of World warfare II, it has impacted now significantly. The four factors that have contributed heavily in creating the shortages of nurses can be described as per the following. 1. Rise in population of U.S 2. A fewer people opting for the career in nursing 3. A generation called baby boomer is now retiring to create pressure on health care services. 4. Ageing workforce gets out of nursing services In 1950, U.S population was 152,271,000 that have now some doubled at 307,212,123 in 2009. Population has gone up at the point of 1.8 percent per year. In view of the change magnitude standards of health, nursing population need to rise at much higher rate than the general population rise but that is not happening. The reasons for shortages in nursing are not sudden. The results obtained from the content Sample Survey of Registered Nurses carried out in 2000 indicated that too few people are choosing careers in nursing. The statistical data as available for the employment of young between 1980 and 2000 are worth noting to indicate the trend. In 1980, 52.9 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 26 percent were the age below 30. In 2000, 31.7 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 10 percent were the age below 30. (The Registered Nurse (b)) Shortages of nurses are withal being felt because baby booming generation (born between 1946 and 1964) is now getting retired causing increasing pressure on healthcare services and so on the services of nurses. Ageing and trained workforce gets out of nursing services due to retirement or other social reasons causing more pressure on services. Currently, the nursing profession is the largest segment of the U.S healthcare system. Nurse to Patient Ratios are at a lower place pressure affecting healthcare services severely. Unfortunate part is that there is a continuous resist in the

Money reward is superior to any other motivational incentives Assignment

funds reward is superior to any other motivational incentives - Assignment ExampleHowever, Thomas (2000) explains that without good works conditions, it is impossible for high salaries to be a good motivator to the employees of an organization.Thomas (2000) therefore explains that, the link among compensation, performance and motivation is very(prenominal) complex, and difficult to understand. Research indicates that if people were left to decide on how a lot money they should earn, then chances are high that they would not get satisf solveion in their jobs. Human imaginativeness experts, who advocate for money as a motivator, also accept the notion that money alone cannot act as an effective motivator. Other factors such as a good working environment, cooperation between employees and the management, expertness for growth are other motivational factors that are effective in increasing the morale of workers.The rudimentary question to ask in this debate is on whether money pla ys a role in do our jobs enjoyable or not. Furthermore, the question to ask is whether high salaries play a role in motivating or de-motivating the employees of an organization. Whiteley (2002) explains that in as much as money is not the major motivator, in an organization, escape of good salaries can become a de-motivator. We are living in a capitalistic world, where everything we do, is monetized. It is very difficult to survive without making good money, or earning a good salary. The social status of an separate is also motivated, ground on the kind or amount of money that he or she earns. It is based on these factors that employees of a business organization normally want to be paid high salaries, or a decent income for their services to an organization.Whiteley (2002) explains that a good theoretical framework that explains the importance of money is the pecking order of Needs theory, formulated by Abraham Maslow. The second level of these needs is security. Maslow expla ins that employees of an organization always have a

IT425-1403A-01 Phase 5 System Integration & Deployment (DB) Assignment - 1

IT425-1403A-01 Phase 5 System Integration & Deployment (DB) - Assignment causeFocus will be on producing a produce breakdown structure for the dust.A work breakdown structure requires the project manager to divide a large project into small and amenable tasks. In this case, at that place is a need to breakdown the entire project into seven interrelated activities in order to simplify the entire process. This will give the project manager the autonomy to monitor the boilersuit progress and thus be in a position to mitigate any delays (Tutorialspoint, 2014).The Ordering system for Pizza Restaurants requires the dedication of all the stakeholders especially considering that some of the activities need to be performed at the actual restaurants premises (Reeves, 2010). This means that the last two stages are important since they will involve the pith corporation of users. Migration of the entire system is a vital activity that characterizes the deployment and operational stages and thus should be handled with supernumerary attention. Another activity is the retire of the system should it become absolute. Even though this is not expected to conk in the near future, all the necessary plans should be put in place to ensure there is a smooth rollover (Schiesser, 2010).Maryland Department of Information Technology (2014). Phase 6 Development Phase. Retrieved from http//doit.maryland.gov/SDLC/Documents/

Turkish Music and Folklore Poetry Research Paper

Turkish Music and Folklore Poetry - Research Paper usageThe essay talks about Turkish literature, which is nearly 1500 years old. It flourished greatly under the rule of the poof Empire. Turkish music and folklore poetry both form a part of the Turkish literature, and has been extremely habitual amongst the Turkish people for centuries, thus ensuring that these cultural traditions remain preserved. The oldest written records of Turkey have been found to be that of the 8th century Orhon inscriptions (in the Orhon river valley situated in Mongolia). Between the 8th and 9th century there came a new wave where literary representation was in an oral form, like the Manas epic and Book of Dede Korkut. Thus, we pay back that Turkish literature had ii forms, the oral compositions and written books, and these two traditions remain separate from individually other until the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922. It was only in 1923, after the republic of Turkey was created, that the two for ms of literature came together to from the modern literary type. My article will explore the literature of Turkey, pertinent to Turkish music and folklore poetry. It will study to find the relation between Turkish music and its folklore poetry, while exploring the report of the music as it developed through the various ages. It will also explore and analyse relevant data in its endeavour to find out the importance of music and the role it plays within the realms of Turkish poetry.The paper concludes that Turkish music developed from the folklore poetry and the two terms are synonymous with each other.

DETERMINING YOUR PERFECT POSITION Research Paper - 1

DETERMINING YOUR PERFECT POSITION - Research Paper Examplean therefore develop to be an effective leader by understanding the different approaches to leading so as to don the best approach in a given situation. There are a number of leadership theories which provide an understanding into the subject of leadership and enabling people to become better leaders.According to the distinction theories, it is realized that effective leaders usu wholey share a number of characteristics which enable them to lead effectively. These temperament traits are innate qualities such as integrity, empathy and likability. Indeed, such qualities are very useful in the condition of leadership. However, there is no combination of traits which can switch somebody a better leader. In this regard, leaders are normally expected to use these traits and characteristics in addressing different situations. The traits will usually demonstrate our immaterial behaviors.As a leader in an organization that is r estructuring, I would ensure that I apply the mettle traits of integrity, empathy and assertiveness in addressing the challenges in the organization. I would emphasize on emotional stability in all situations while ensuring effective communication with my workers. More substantially, I would always be ready to admit mistakes and errors as opposed to focusing on covering them. This would go a long way in creating an important link with the employees.Behavioral theories focus largely on the conduct and behaviors of leaders. For instance, as a leader, it is not puritanical to just dictate what is to be done and then expect a smooth cooperation within the organization. In the same way, the importance and applicability of group of individual decision making must be hygienic understood. In this respect, there are three classes of leaders autocratic, democratic and laissez faire leaders. Autocratic leaders usually make individual decisions without consulting their team. Such leadership is appropriate in situations where quick decisions need to be made (Raatma, 2003).On the

FDI final report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

FDI final report - Coursework ExampleThis implies the robust mathematical process of the body politic in the complexity of the financial crisis. The factor which has been responsible for the growth in the FDI flows is the rise in the price of the commodities and has attracted further investment in the field of the natural resources (OECD, 1999). This paper will analyze in details the FDI inflows in three of the major Latin the Statesn countries namely Argentina, Brazil and Chile. The primary design is to compare the environment of FDI in these three countries which can aid the prosperity of business in Latin America. This paper chooses the British retail giant, Tesco and captures the benefits that it can achieve, if it follows the FDI trails and makes its presence felt in the prospering economies of Latin America (Yapp and Paulo, 2011). For this purpose, the competitive advantage of the FDI flows of the countries will be discussed in details and the decision of choosing the countr y will be established. Company Profile Tesco is a British multinational department store selling grocery with its home at Chestnut. It is one of the major players in its genre, ranking only second to Wal-Mart in terms of boodle and third in terms of revenues after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. Presently, it operates in three of the continents, Asia, Europe and North America. The company has everywhere the years diversified its portfolio to include a variety of returnss like, telecom, clothing, electronics, financial services and software. Considering the business manna from heaven that it had experienced in the recent years, it would be interesting to observe the benefits that it can derive from tapping the FDI inflows in the underdeveloped economies of Latin America. FDI Literature In Foreign Direct Investment, a solid invests in the manufacturing or service facility or any opposite type of its assets in a foreign country and retains efficacious control on it (Sagepublications, 2007). FDI implies a high level of commitment as the firm which chooses to enter has to appease in the foreign country for a long time, investing high quantity of resources (Froot, 2008). FDI can be done in two varied ways which include mergers or acquisition and Greenfield investment. Recent quantify have seen a surge in the former type. There can be two different types of integration in FDI. One in which the firm invests in the same products in the foreign country that it produces in its own country and the other type, where it chooses to invest in the value chain of the firm (Ramondo, Rappoport and Ruhl, 2013). The constitution of ownership also varies in the FDI. There can be partial acquisition of the existing firm or wholly-owned investment, in which the investor owns the foreign assets or equity joint ventures, in which both the parent firms derive together to create a new legal entity by investing assets and share the ownership and pay (Hauswald and Hege, 2009). This p rocess benefits the multinational organizations immensely as they can utilize the advantages of location and learn from each others structural differences. They can also leverage their learning and enhance their capabilities (Blonigen, 2005). There can be three different motives for following an FDI scheme which are market seeking motives, resource seeking

Case Study Report related to Public Budgeting Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report related to Public computeing - fibre Study ExampleIt serves as a policy guide, heed tool, legal document (after the approval of the board) and a financial control instrument towards the organization. So budgeting is basically a mechanism for setting goals and objectives and allocating resources to achieve those objectives. IN other words it can be described as thoughtful strategic planning mould (Lee, Johnson & Joyce, 2008, pp. 1-8). The report is a snapshot regarding the public budgeting details of a nonprofit organization of United States named as the Human nightclub of the United States. The report tells about the Budgeting cycle, budgeting policy, and budgeting documents. In the report the budget for the Finance surgical incision has been taken into account. It gives a synopsis of the purpose and goal, gross and expenditure, planning and activities of the finance department of the Human Society during 2012-2011 and the major changes in policy and accomplishments. MAJ OR APPROPIATION AND CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS YEAR The Human Society of Us is the countrys largest organization for animal protection fighting for the rescue care and protection of animals. The organization distributes its blameless budget of expenditure mainly for within two heads, firstly operational budget and secondly the appurtenant budget which supports the operational activities. For the fiscal of 2012 the operational budget included budget for animal protection weapons platform, Budget for fund raising and budget for management and general. During the fiscal 80% of the budget was allocated for animal protection program which actually accounted for $142118050. Fund raising accounted for the rest 20% of the operation 17% for fundraising and rest 3% for management and general. Fund raising had a budget of $29479645 while management and general had a budget of $5225819. animate being protection program which had the major budget had a segregation of 47% for advocacy, outreach a nd policy 22% for head care and service 18% for cruelty prevention and 13% of the expense for research and education. For the support and taxation budget of 2012 the organization estimated 84% of the wide gross from contribution and grant which they accounted for $151069252. For rest of the revenues they estimated 13% would be coming from bequests, 2% from investment income and 1% from other income. On the contrary, for the fiscal of 2011 the organization deployed 80% of their total operational and supporting expenses budget for animal protection program. The same followed a segregation of 18% in cruelty prevention, 24% for direct service and care, 43% advocacy and cruelty, 15% for research and education. The support and revenue budget for 2011 accounted 79% of revenue coming from contribution and grants, 17% from bequests, 3% from investment income and 1% from other income (Human Society Organization, 2013, Annual Report 2012 & 2011) MAJOR REVENUE SOURCES AND CHANGES FROM PREVIO US YEAR The revenue of the unfaltering came loosely from the support division and from other income. The total revenue from support and other income accounted for $5970558 during 2012 that of $5955358 during 2011 which indicated a hike of 0.25%. The revenue hike is almost negligible and the organization doesnt aim for it since it is a nonprofit making firm with a no profit making view. The revenue for 2012 mainly came from contribution, trusts, grants, donation, merchandise sale, donated securities, sale of donated items, gains for disposals of property and

Culture in an African Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Culture in an African Country - sample ExampleSome of the several communities that live in this country include the kikuyu community, the Maasai, the Luo, the Kalejin community, the Samburu, and the Turkana community. The kikuyu This is the largest ethnic group in the Kenya. It is a sub common people of the Abantu community. They speak the kikuyu langu epoch and migrated to the country four centuries ago. According to Kikuyu, the founder was of the tribe was know as Gikuyu. They had a Divine spirit called Ngai who lived at the top of Mount Kenya. Ngai gave him a wife known as Mumbi with whom they bore nine daughters. These daughters helped to create the nine sub clans of the kikuyu people. The kikuyu were highly successful in expanding throughout the fertile areas since they are a farming community. The main crops that they cultivated were bananas, sugarcane, millet, maize, yams, black beans, beans, and a mixture of vegetables. This also formed their daily diet. In addition to cul tivation, they also raised cattle, which would provide milk, hide, and skin. Goats and sheep could be apply for sacrifices and purification ceremonies and rituals. The kikuyu community were traders who traded with their neighboring community through barter trade. They would organize local markets in live areas where they exchanged cattle, agricultural produce, tobacco, iron implework forcets, and ochre. Their main trading partners were the Maasai, Akamba, and Okiek. The kikuyu also had a well-organized political system, which would organize and make out the community. The political system would mainly be based on age groups and age sets where the elders had the law to administer. The staple administration unit was the family, which exists until to solar day. The youths who wanted to become warriors in the community had to undergo circumcision. This also granted them the opportunity to marry daughters in their community. They later on graduated to the council of elders and a few of them made it into the secret council whose mandate was to settle disputes in the community (Muriuki 39-62). This culture has been incorporated in their modern lifestyles, as they are known to have an entrepreneurial culture. This has led to rural urban migration are the dominant community living in urban centers. The Maasai The Maasai had a religion with a divine spirit known Enkai. They believe one day the heaven split, and the first Maasai descended from heaven, with a large crowd of cattle. They offer sacrifice of a cow to their idol during important ceremonies. In addition, they have a diviner known as Laibon who they consult whenever there emerges a misfortune. The Maasai in Kenya is directly related to the Maasai in the neighboring country of Tanzania. They are Nilotic speakers who are truly closely related to the Turkana, the Kalenjin, and the Samburu tribes in Kenya. They are largely pastoralists community who rear unusually large herd of cattle. This is the backbone of their economy. They are a sign of wealth and a measure of value to them. The young men are responsible for herding the cattle to different parts of the country where there are greener pastures. They have a culture of raiding homes to steal livestock from different communities. Similarly, to the Gikuyu community, the Maasai community politics is based on age group systems, which separate young men and

Major Component Agencies of the Dhs Essay Example for Free

Major Component Agencies of the Dhs EssayThis paper will dissertate what are the major component agencies of DHS and their primary functions.Major Component Agencies of the DHSMajor agencies of the Department of Homeland security system (DHS) are The Directorate for National Protection and Programs, The Science and Technology Directorate, The Office of Health Affairs, The Federal unavoidableness Management Agency (FEMA), U. S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), The Office of Investigations, The Office of cargo hold and Removal operations, The Federal Protective function, The Office of Intelligence, The Office of Intelligence and Analysis, The Office of Operations Coordination, The Domestic thermonuclear Detection Office, The Transportation Administration (TSA), The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), The Citizenship and Immigration Services, The Coast Guard, and The dark Service. Their Primary FunctionsThe Directora te for National Protection and Programs has five divisions that work to advance the DHSs risk-reduction mission. The primary developing and research arm of the department belongs to the Science and Technology Directorate. The Office of Health Affairs coordinates tout ensemble medical examination activities to ensure appropriate preparation for the response to incidents having medical significance. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) manages federal official response and recovery efforts following any national incident, administers the National Flood Insurance Program, and prepares the nation for hazards.The CBP prevents terrorists and their weapons from enter the united States. They are responsible for protecting U. S. borders, while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate trade and travel. The largest fact-finding arm of DHS is ICE. They are responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities both in the nations borders and in economic, infrast ructure security, and transfer of training. The Office of Investigations investigates a wide range of international and domestic activities that violate customs natural laws and immigration and threatens national security. The department who is ensures the departure from the United States of all illegal aliens through the fair enforcement of the nations immigration laws is the Office of Detention and Removal Operations.The Federal Protective Service is responsible for securing, ensuring a skilful environment, and policing in which federal agencies can conduct their business at more(prenominal) than 8,800 federal facilities nationwide. Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating strategic and tactical news program data belongs to the Office of Intelligence. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis is responsible for using information and intelligence from multiple sources to identify and assess current and future threats to the U. S. The responsibility for monitoring the security of the U. S. on a daily basis and coordinating activities within the department and with governors, law enforcement partners, DHS advisors, and critical infrastructure operators in all fifty states and more than fifty major urban areas nationwide falls under the Office of Operations Coordination.The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office works to enhance the nuclear detection efforts of federal, tribal, states, territorial, and local governments and the mystical sector and to ensure a coordinated response to such threats. This department protects the nations transportation systems. In addition, agents also inspect air carrier operations to the United States, fly air summons missions, assess security of airports overseas, and training overseas security personnel is TSA. The FLETC provides careerlong training to law enforcement professionals to serving them fulfill their responsibilities safely and proficiently. The Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for the administratio n of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and the psychiatric hospital of immigration services policies and priorities.This department is also consider a military department, which protects the public, the environment, and U. S. economic interests in the nations ports, along the coast, on international waters, on its waterways, or in any nautical region as required to support national security. Finally, we have the Secret Service who protects the president and opposite high-level officials and investigates counterfeiting and other financial crimes, identity theft, computer fraud, including financial institution fraud, and computer-based attacks on our nations financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure.Final ThoughtsThe Department of Homeland Security was activated in January 2003 from the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to help combat terrorism after the September 11 attacks on the United States. An outline is provided of what happened when the DHS wa s formed. Our lives in the United States as we knew it, has forever been changed since 9-1-1. We still have a long way to go to become more aware and secure, but it is not impossible. There are still many loopholes to tackle, red tape to cut, and the wishing of proper equipment and training which still needs to be addressed on a continuous basis. On March 1, 2003, the DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service and assumed its duties.By doing this, it divided the enforcement and services functions into ii separate and new agencies ICE and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were unite forming Homeland Security Investigations. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.S. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Cr eation of DHS, n.d.).ReferencesCreation-department-homeland-security, n.d. Retrieved on 1215/2012 from http//www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security Peak, K. J., 2012. Policing the States challenges and best practices. Retrieved on 12/15/2012 from Chapter Two, Pages 44-48.

Dream Team - Media Analysis Essay Example for Free

Dream squad Media Analysis EssayGeorge and Lennies breathing in is the most commonly mentioned in the novel, they want to live the American dream and have their own land and home. Although Crooks tells them he never seen a guy really do it their tendency is beyond that of normal men. They crave the freedom from ordered working life story and less responsibility. George desires the relief from the angle of supervising Lennie, on the cattle ranch he constantly has to watch him to ensure he is no riskiness to himself or others. He talks of how he could live so easy without Lennie and it seems to be a esoteric dream of his to marry and raise a family without the childish weight of Lennie upon him. He has cared for Lennie for a large set off of his life and wants cheer for both of them without the strain of rules and the risk of characters such as Curley. Lennies only dream at first glance seems to be having his rabbits, however at a next look the rabbits are his counseli ng of relating to their entire dream, he connects all other aspects of free life with them such as growing crops to race them.He loves hearing the story of how its gonna be, his own dreams are based on what George tells him is good and bad. dulcify is do-or-die(a) to join in with Lennie and George and their dreams have become his. Since his dog died he has nothing left on the ranch to encourage dreams and he seems to have given up, the chance to be part of a reasonably hard-nosed project motivates him again and he is go forthing to give everything to be part of it, Id make a will an leave everything to you guys case I kick off. All of Candys dreams seem to have be worn away(predicate) by life on the ranch, the hurt of his hand also seems to symbolise a large loss mentally for without his hand he cannot realistically dream of working his own land and living alone. For Candy life on the ranch seems to be a reminder of lost dreams rather than hopeful ones and this could inform his eagerness to be part of Lennie and Georges. He is also aware that he is old and becoming closer to the end of his job and possibly his life.Theyll can me purty soon. Jus as soon as I cant imbrue out no bunk houses theyll put me on the county. He dreams of ending his life in happiness and not in poverty and discomfort surrounded by bad memories. Curleys wife is in numerous ways like Lennie and George, she tell her dream like its real and could happen at any epoch to escape the loneliness of the ranch. She tells as worldy people as she can about her dream as though she wants to make it more real for herself.Her conversation with Lennie reveals her desperation to make this dream come true, she hangs onto the man who could put her in pitchers, so sure he did write to her and someone else ruined her dream. It is these fantasies she uses to escape her life which is heavily restricted by her husband who wants to control her to comply with his own dreams, she wishes to be free to go through the life she desires.Her way of telling the story of her dream is almost sad as she clings to any glance of it so desperately it is clear how unhappy she is. All the dreams expressed by these characters are what drive them in the novel and can determine how they express their feelings and how they act. Niki Holdsworth Show preview only The above preview is unformatted school text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Analysis Essay Example for Free

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Analysis EssayIn the book, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, A man named Okwonko is desperate to neutralize being what his father was the like lazy and undetermined. He is dominated by anger, fear, and impatience which get him in many another(prenominal) situations. The community of Umoufia represents a civilization that is strictly found off male dominance. Men atomic number 18 only required to be steady, and have a title within the clan while the wo hands essential train, clean, and take care of the infantren, and are beat if they do not do so. Umoufia is a tribe that is based off of stereotypes and sexism. Women are looked down upon as objects instead of people. When they are old enough to get married, they do not get to choose, nor does the father choose. The women are bought and sold with sticks, like an animal and not a mankind being. This carrys that the women are not appreciated, nor given any respect or dignity. T hey are treated more like slaves, and are not seen as important. When in reality, without women, the tribie of Umoufia would be nothing.A man gains respect and popularity in the tribe of Umoufia, is a strong, masculine man with a wife, a strong son, and a tough warrior. All men share the same goal, which is to become one of the lords of the clan. To do this, he is a warrior who is strong, brave, and fearless. Unofia, Okwonkos father was lazy, poor, and a failure. He hated his father and wanted to be nothing like him. Okwonko has no desires for the pleasures in life, such as dancing, music, and celebrations. Instead he hungers for power and wealth. This means he must run a strong family and house hold with multiple wives, and many children. Another part of his masculinity is his duty of a solider. He wants to be physically strong in defending his village from incoming threats.Another way that Okwonko wants to show masculinity is through his children. He wants to pass down all he kno ws to his kids, and have them do the engage same. The boys shall have their own households and will be strong and proud. When the women shall be good wives, clean, cook, and give birth to many children. Okwonko only wants his kids to have the same traditions as he did, and for it to never change. Some elders believe that it is not unspoilt, and that it is right to have change.Okwonko wants his legacy to be kept alive by his children keeping on the same traditions. The women cook and clean, when the men own the household and are in charge. The women are given less credit hence they deserve. Okwonko wants his wife to bare him a son, so that he can keep his family strong once he passes away. He depends on the wife to give him a son, and will beat her if she does not do so. When the child is born the wife must raise him and do all of the work. But the child is born to the hubby and always owned by the man.Women are very important to the Umoufia tribe, but are treated inhumanly and n ot seen as a contributing factor of the tribes surviving and thriving. They are beaten regularly if they do not clean, cook, and take care of the house. They are sold as brides, and not given the right to do what they want.

Islamic Pottery Essay Example for Free

Islamic Pottery EssayMedieval Islamic clayware occupied a geographic position between Chinese ceramics and the clayware of the Byzantine Empire and Europe. For nearly of the period it can sensibly be said to have been between the two in terms of aesthetic achievement and determine as well, borrowing from China and exporting to and influencing Byzantium and Europe. The use of drinking and eating vessels in gold and silver, the apotheosis in ancient Rome and Persia as well as gothic Christian societies, is prohibited by the Hadiths, with the result that pottery and glass were use for tableware by Muslim elites, as pottery (but less a great deal glass) as well was in China, but was much rarer in Europe and Byzantium. Islamic restrictionsIn the same behavior Islamic restrictions greatly discouraged figurative wall-painting, encouraging the architectural use of schemes of decorative tiles, which are the most distinctive and original speciality of Islamic ceramics.Era of Isla mic PotteryThe era of Islamic pottery started around 622. From 633, Muslims armies moved rapidly towards Persia, Byzantium, Mesopotimia, Anatolia, Egypt and later Andalusia.Early History of Islamic PotteryThe early narration of Islamic pottery remains somewhat obscure and speculative as little evidence has survived. apart(predicate) from tiles which escaped destruction due to their use in architectural decoration of buildings and mosques, much early medieval pottery vanished. The Muslim world inherited significant pottery industries in Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa (African Red Slip) and later other regions. Early Medieval (622-1200)A distinct Muslim style in pottery was not firmly established until the 9th century in Iraq (formerly Mesopotamia), Syria and Persia. During this period pieces mainly used white tin-glaze. Information on earlier periods is very limited. This is largely due to the lack of surviving specimens in goodcondition which also limits the interest in the study of ceramics of these periods. The most highly regarded technique of this centre is the use of calligraphy in the decoration of vessels.Chinese influence on Islamic PotteryDuring the Abbasid dynasty pottery yield gained momentum, largely use tin glazes mostly in the form of opaque white glaze. Some historians, such as Arthur Lane, assign the rise of such industry to Chinese influence.Three main phasesAccording to Lane, the influence of Chinese pottery progressed in three main phases. The first contact with China took place in 751 when the Arabs defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Talas. It has been argued that imprisoned Chinese potters and paper makers could have taught the Muslims the art of pottery and paper-making. In 800s Chinese sto smartare and porcelain reached the Abbasids. The second phase took place in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period storied for the decline of pottery industry following the fall of the Seljuk dynasty. This period also saw the impingement of the Mongols who brought Chinese pottery traditions. The third phase was in the fifteenth century, when much of this influence came through imports make from Tang, Song and Ming dynasties at the hand of Zheng He.Islamic innovationsFrom between the eighth and eighteenth centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was predominate in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacifiedglazing, for the production of tin-glazed pottery, was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. Middle (12001400)By this period the distinctive Islamic tradition of decorate wall tiles had emerged, and continued to develop together with vessel pottery in a way anomalous to Islamic art. The Seljuks brought new and fresh inspiration to the Muslim world, attracting artists, craftsmen and potters from all regions including Egypt. In addition to continuing the production of similar (although more refined) tin and lustre glaze ceramics, the Seljuk s (in Persia) were credited for the introduction of a new eccentric sometimes known as Faience. This is made from a hard white frit paste coated with aboveboard alkaline glaze.Examples of Islamic Period PotteryGlazed potteryUnglazed potteryGlazed potteryGlazed pottery is typical for the Islamic Period in Egypt, but there is evidence that is was already introduced in the Byzantine Period (Engeman 1990). In contrast to Faience and the glazed materials of the Pharaonic period, true glass was used as glazing. Colours were produced by adding metallic oxides. When transparent it could be applied over paintings.Unglazed potteryWater jugs had often filters built into the neck for keeping out the flies. Especially the examples from Egypt are produced with great delicacy. near of the pottery of daily use produced in the Islamic period (including down to today) is unglazed. Vessels of uncertain function, with compact theoretical account suggestions for use vary from military projectiles to storage of vintage wine.

Initial Assessment Essay Example for Free

Initial Assessment EssayThe reasoning for using Initial Assessment in my course atomic number 18a is because the mass of students bewilder non completed a formal education or if having make so hold little or no qualifications. The majority of the courses start at entry train there forrader no qualifications are require, but to offer students progression on to higher directs they need to be holding or be able to achieve a level 1 in discourse and application of number. This is the minimum requirement to complete an apprenticeship programme and the vast majority wish to follow the vocational route to being a qualified tradesman. Procedures Before the day of enrolment students are fore warned at the interview stage what the awarding bodies requirement is to do a particular course. In the brass of Construction Awards Alliance they have their own sagacity criteria to try a match the suitability of the student to a particular trade. However because we deliver from entry to level 2 with three bodies to keep to the legal opinion process standard the college format is used( booklet produced by the learning centre, attached). Hillier. J (2005 p62) states Great care moldiness be used with such assessment activities.Many potential learners will notice highly by being threatened by being asked to undertake a diagnostic assessment. In my opinion as long as students are made aware that this is not a formal test the majority do not mind taking the test, provided that the reasoning behind it is explained correctly. As a tutor it is key I remember the purpose of the test as Lambert. D and Lines. D (2000 p20) state formative assessment is undertaken so that positive achievements of a pupil can be recognised and the appropriate next gait planned.Once all the information is collated this is entered into the course/ student profile booklet, this enables me or any otherwise tutors to look at a particular student or group qualifications and progress as they are r ecorded for each achievement. Personally I think that the process works well when we complete the diagnostics on line as students can not see how others are doing. Most students feel more comfortable using this method as they do not feel as much hale as they can wear head phones if required.The whole purpose works well because as a tutor works on entry level and to a certain degree on level 1, communication and application of number can be imbedded into the practical aspects of the course. The major weakness that I feel of the assessment process is that they are not curriculum specific aspects of application of number are not relevant to the vocational subject. As I have experienced my self and some mature students the lyric of key words has changed until we have had them explained.When using the paper versions students that struggle to read or write a lot do not complete enough of the booklet, for the tutor to find the true level the students capable / working at. An important aspect that is often missed is the fact that to help students there is a requirement to have extra support in place if require for individuals. If there is no support is there a need for assessment? Yes but ensure all the support is provided and available as required in a timely manner.

Why Was There a Spanish Armada Essay Example for Free

Why Was There a Spanish Armada EssayEngland and Spain have had religious differences since Henry eighter from Decatur changed England into a protestant country as a result of the divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. When Henry died his son, Edward I, was a strong protestant and reinforced the protestant faith in England. When Edward I died at the age of 15, his half(a) sister Mary became cigarette. She was a strong Catholic, and this resulted in England returning to the Catholic religion which resulted in the persecution of non-Catholics. She marital King Phillip of Spain who was besides a devout Catholic. When Mary died, her half sister Elizabeth I became faggot of England, who at a time stopped the persecutions of non- Catholics and changed England suffer to protestant.The main reason for the Armada was because King Phillip of Spain wanted to take all over England and to change it back to Catholic, just as Elizabeth had turned it protestant. King Phillip offered to marry Elizabeth thinking that he could have control over English politics and persuade her to keep the Catholic faith. After she refused his offer he made some(prenominal) failed attempts to kill Queen Elizabeth to replace her with a Catholic Monarch, Mary, Queen of Scotts.King Phillip was getting angry with Queen Elizabeth because she was letting English pirates firing Spanish ships as long as she got a percentage of the spoils. She also offered to help Protestants who rebelled against Spanish rule in the Spanish Netherlands. Elizabeth ordered the execution of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots, which convinced King Phillip to attack England.Queen Elizabeth knew that King Phillip had a big fleet of ships and lots of inseparable supplies. She sent the Royal Navy to do a surprise attack on the Spanish ships at the harbor in Cadiz. The British attacked and damaged several warships, some very severely. They also destroyed the barrel of food, water, and gun powder on the ships. They had to make new ones but they did not let the barrels wry long enough which caused the contents to spoil. The food rotted, the water became undrinkable, and the gun powder was useless. This delayed the Spanish Armada attack for one year.

OKB Essay Example for Free

OKB Essay instruction Issues Chapter 1 (OKB) a) There was some mention about stakeholders in the problems, who are the stakeholders and what their stakes?1. Capital grocery stakeholders In this case, the capital market portion outholder of a firm is bank and shareholder. In this case the shareholder who gives OKB financial resources for OKB line of products. The stake of these shareholders is to ensure the OKB businesses continues their operation and locoweed meet the expectation on the capital they had given.2. Akar green light (supplier)Is a major supplier for OKB Bhd. They supply herbs and roots from the forest of Perak. Their stakes is whether they able to meet the penury of OKB to continue supply raw material.3. CustomerWe know that The Guardian approached OKB to supply its medicinal products to them. If that thing chance the sales would increase since consumer prefer phthisis OKB products4. EmployeeWe notice that the OKBs production process is carried out manually by the kampung folks. If OKB accept the offer from The guardian, the process will change to the machine since they will change it to mix of pills, capsules and liquid-compound forms. If this happen, they no longer push aside work for OKB in a manufacturing the products.5. GovernmentMinistry of health is a body who refer and monitor the quality and the safety of products. It is already mention about the latest markey surveys conducted by them, OKB is still the prototypical choice among consumers. It shown that the product is safe to be used.b) What do you think of the comment made by the prudence about OKBs Vision OKBs achievements? I think the old vision may not be suitable any more to face the changes of economy nowadays. This is because, OKB more relies in traditional approach and they should go down out with a new vision that promote abouts its products quality and attract customer. With a good vision, OKB can be more success and achieve their targets. They should change t heir vision not only based on customer need but also based on environment changes and also satisfied their employees. OKB Bhd can be more competitive to the real world and they can easily adapting the changes that have taken perplex on the industry.Learning Issue Chapter 2 Explain to Datin Timah about the importance of getting to know the immaterial environment. Discuss the possible impact of the DPEST G factors and the Competitive Forces (The 5 Forces) on her business.The DPEST G analysis divide the external environment into 6 divides which are demographic, political or legal, sociocultural, technological, global and environment segments. The first segment is political or legal segments. This segment focuses on plaque to aware of any changes. Management essentialiness aware of consumer tastes and bribeing agency. Any changes must be consider in the managements strategies as changes on political or legal segments affect direct or indirectly on the demands of the market. s ociocultural segment need to be considered by management.These refer to the consumers concerns regarding the market, as there were negative fascinates from the customer. Customer view the product should be revamping into modern pills and capsules rather than traditional packaging. They should be innovative in market their products and use the resources for best effectiveness and efficiently strategies. OKB Bhd can use technological advance thus creating competitive advantages of organization in the market. Advance in technologies can increasing the efficiency of productions and increase the value of product. Next is scotch segment.This refers to the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm get bys. This can help the management to earn decision what suitable time to production. Last segment is global segment. Datin should know the global environment where animate markets are changing and thus taking the opportunity to make OKB Bhd well known by expanding the business a nd making improvement and innovative improvement on their products that are different from other competitors.The five forces of challenger model are threat of new entrants, bargaining power of the supplier, bargaining power of the buyer, threat of the computer backup products and intensity of rivalry among competitors. The threat of new entrants is important factors to identify since it can threaten the market share of the existing competitors. In this case, OKB must have their own strategy, vision and mission in straddle to compete with new entrant by improving their products image, packaging and make some innovation in order to create competitive advantage. Next is threat of substitute products. In this case, OKB have another competitor that leave behind and sell same products for consumer such as Guardian.Therefore, OKB must make a study and research how to face this problems and attract their customer. Bargaining power of supplier is a situation when the supplier use to exp ert power over firms competing within industry. OKB major supplier is Akar Enterprise. In order to have enough resources and fulfill the demand, OKB should buy the resources from other supplier so that they are not facing problem such as inferior material and high price of resources charges by supplier.Next is bargaining power of the buyer. Buyer mostly more attract with product that offer a lower price and give them a higher pull ahead and satisfied their interest. OKB should improve their product in taste and product image and give a probable price in order to attract customer. Last forces is intensity of rivalry among competitors. The competitors always alert and take care about their competitor. This is because any changes by another company made can affect their business. So they must take a action in order to ensure customer will loyalty to them.

Porter Five Forces Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Porter Five Forces Starbucks EssayStarbucks, a cofee stores chain, serving million of coffee lovers worldwide every week, highlights humanistic approach in doing business, value agreement of the company for its huge success. The company featuring one of the best 100 companies to endure for in Fortune clipping several times speaks on its own about the satisfaction of the employees contributing towards its all time success. Providing a great work environment and treating every employee equally with self respect and dignity will sell care of employee motivation according to Friedrick Herzbergs Two factor scheme, a content theory of want, where hygienics and Motivator factors are kept intact for employee to work and focus upon. By creating a culture of repugn employees to do their best, the company encourages employees in participating in setting goals, where as difficult goals extracting best motion at times, and specific goals extracting guaranteed performance according to Goal setting scheme by Edwin A. Locke, a mold theory of Motivation.The companys motivational program for its employees consists of a special blend of employee benefits and a work / personal life program that focuses on the physical, emotional, mental and creative aspects of each individual which covers the salient features of Motivation theories by Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs of different levels as well as by Clayton Alderfers ERG theory (explaining about needs for existence, relatedness and growth). The company always seeks from its employees what they want individually, and attempts to give work / life solutions and this upholds Motivation act upon theories Vrooms expectancy theory and J.Stanley Adams Equity theory as employees put effort as per expectations and objectives and for clear and quantified material benefits. Starbucks trusts all employees, gives freedom of expression, openness, participation and contribution towards the goals of self as well as for company realising the positive aspects of Motivational theory by Mc Greg or Theory x Theory Y which ultimately aims at delight of internal customers, i.e., employees (called as partners) and keeps going and growing.

Introduction for Currys Essay Example for Free

Introduction for Currys EssayFor this assignment I am investigating Currys and I give be overreachting information about my investigation from the client work of Currys, but to do this I will need to know also a little bit about the guests profiles and what the customers think about Currys products and go that they provide. Background Currys is the leading choice for families buying electrical devices for the home and other businesses. Currys also delivers their goods to their customers seven days a week to households and businesses throughout the UK. While delivering new products the Group dupes 750,000 ends of life white goods appliances, fridges, freezers, cookers, computers, printers, radios, televisions, phones and washing machines, from customers homes to each one year, of which, until November, approximately 300,000 were fridges. Until November 2001 these were recycled or refurbished by a network of contractors, relieving Local Authorities, who would otherwise be obliged to collect or receive these products, of a significant burden.Many units were refurbished and resold at minor cost, providing cheap products for families on low income (including through create, a Dixons supported project to re-train long term unemployed people as engineers). Others were exported for elevate use and the re master(prenominal)der recycled and disposed of following CFC gas special(a)ction meeting environmental standards. In effect Dixons Group provided a cost-free channel for the disposal of this domestic waste and one which minimised the generation of extra journeys by householders or local authority collectors and is thus more environmentally acceptable.This shows how much Dixons group has been playacting ethically. Services that Currys provides and warring topground For my assignment, it is important to understand why retailers commotion such services. Electrical retail is highly competitive, like Currys, Comet, John Lewis, Debenhams, House of Fraser, Argos, Powerhouse, Dixons and many thousands of small independent retailers all compete for trade wind in what many customers view as a product market.Low margins demonstrate the wisecrack and that is the competitive nature of the industry. Because this is a competitive market, price pressure is intense and retailers will normally try to offer the lowest price in the market. So the customer gets used to the idea that prices will be exchangeable in most outlets. Therefore there is a strict pressure to make different every by offering exclusive products or by excelling on service.That is why all retailers will offer competitive service offers including suitable delivery and after sales. No retailer will want to encounter for too long a competitor being able to offer a new service recognized. As yet the leaving of take-back has had incomplete things on sales however one of the two main peaks for sales, the hot summer months and this is the period of sales and a period that busines ses look to maximise their sales. Customers profile almost of customers of Currys are from a mixed group of age, gender and races.Most of customers that I personally see approach to the store of Currys in Chadwel heath are parents or just adults who are able to purchase products by credit cards or any other ways of payments. There are also other customers of Currys who are of an average age like teenagers who are able to pay musical items or games. Currys does not have any geographical customers because their customers are most of the time locally. Some customers have their information stored into Currys administration due to their customers loyalty and due to Currys market researches.Currys gives to its customers a guarantee of purchasing items from their stores in case that the customer is not satisfied with the products or services that Currys provides to them, then the customer can take the products back and get a replacement or if possible get the customer can get his/her mo ney back but this depends with the case. Some times if Currys cannot sort out the problem that the customer has with the products, they usually give to the customer the phone number of the company or the manufacturer of that particular product for further information or instructions about the usage of the product.

Education and Economics Essay Example for Free

breeding and scotch science EssayI. Introduction The conventional theory of merciful capital developed by Becker (1962) and Mincer (1974) views genteelness and didactics as the major sources of benignant capital accumulation that, in turn, slang direct and supreme violence on singulars life time stipend. In the Mincerian earning lean, the coefficient of enlighten historic period adverts the returns to gentility, i. e. , how much sum in boodle takes place with an additional condition form. There exists a wide range of literature that estimated the grade of returns to didactics for disparate countries Pascharapoulos (1980 1985 and 1994) Pascharapoulos and Chu Ng (1992)1. In Pakistan, almost of the nationally representative ho drug abusehold surveys do non contain development on variables, such as, undefiled old era of educate, age offset coach, literacy and numeracy skills, character of disciplinetime, and skilful training. Due to the unavailabi lity of finished train long time, one erect neither compute the potential give nor observe the effect of an additional year of tutoring on soulfulness earnings. Therefore, the available literature in Pakistan is lacking in estimating the returns to statement by using the Mincerian earning function2.In recent long time, the government of Pakistan has started nation-wide survey, Pakistan Integ outrankd home critique (PIHS), to address the imbalances in the social sphere of influence. This survey ? The authors argon Senior enquiry Economist and Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) Islamabad. 1 Pascharapoulos (1994) provide a comprehensive modify of the estimated rates of returns to grooming at a global scale. He observed naughty social and hugger-mugger profitability of capital education (18%and 9% respectively) in all regions of atomic number 18na.The private rate of returns at this aim were be highest in Asia (39%) as comp b ed to opposite regions. He also noned a considerable plus in original earnings by an additional year of education in all regions of world 13% in Sub-Saharan Africa 10% in Asia 12% in Europe/Middle east/North Africa and 12% in Latin America/Caribbean. 2 At national take, solitary(prenominal) twain studies argon available in Pakistan that employ the Mincerian earning function approaching to screen the returns to education see Shabbir and Khan (1991) and Shabbir (1994).However, two these studies ar based on twenty years old data even out. 2 provides rich selective information on the above mentioned variables that were missing in the earlier household surveys. This study uses the data of PIHS to examine the returns to education by using Mincerian earning function and thus aims to fill the vacuum that, due to the lack of appropriate data, exists in the literature on returns to education in Pakistan. In this paper we will first estimate the earning function with continuous s chool years with the assumption of supply rate of returns for all school years.It is argued that different school years impart different skills in that respectfore we extend our analysis to examine the addition in earning associated with unembellished years of information at different levels of education, i. e. , how much extend in earnings takes place with an bare(a) year of schooling at different levels, such as, primary, kernel(a), matric, mediate, bachelors and masters. By doing so we overcome the problem that exists in the available literature in Pakistan.To our knowledge no study has yet adopted this method to examine the returns to education in Pakistan3. The meeting of technological training and school quality on the earnings of doctor salaried and occupy earners will be examined in this study. Based on the available data in Pakistan, most of the studies, for example, Haque (1977), Hamdani (1977), Guisinger et al (1984), Khan and Irfan (1985), Ahmad, et al (1991 ) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) estimated the earning functions by defining the poop variables for different levels of education4.These studies observe depleted rates of returns at different levels of education as compared to other developing countries. However, a positive stand mingled with levels of education and earnings and an inverse relationship surrounded by the academic degree of income in get evenity and educational science has been cited. In order to examine the inter- 3 Most of the studies on returns to education in Pakistan apply close up variables for different levels of education where the rates of returns at different levels of education are computed by the estimated coefficients.4 In Pakistan, the data on education in most of the nationally representative household surveys wee been report in discrete form that denotes the completion of different levels of education, such as, primary but incomplete middle, middle and incomplete matric, and so on. 3 provincial differentials in returns to education, Shabbir and Khan (1991) estimated the Mincerian earning function by using a nationally representative prototype, drawn from the of Population, Labour Force and Mig dimensionn refresh (1979) for the literate wage earners and salaried males.Later Shabbir (1994) estimated the earning function on the extended sample of the same data set. These studies found 7 to 8 part increase in earnings with an additional year of schooling. Although the results are compriseent with those of comparable to(predicate) LDCs but may not reflect the recent developments in Pakistans frugality as these studies are based on the data set which are 20 years old now. Since 1979, the economy of Pakistan has passed by various changes, eespecial(a)ly after the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programme in late 1980s.For example, the literacy rate has increase from 26 per centumage to 45 percent and entry at primary level has increased by 67 percent. Public and household expenditures on education mother also increased Economic Survey (1998-99). Moreover, due to the fiscal constraints, the employment opportunities in the public sector pretend started shrinking and the economy is move towards more openness with stronger berth of private sector in recent years. In this scenario, it becomes imperative to re-test the role of human capital as both private and public sectors are moving towards more might and productivity.This study is important from triple standpoints. First, in order to estimate the effect of education on earnings, the most recent and nationally representative household survey data is used which provides enlarge information on the variables that were missing in previous surveys. Second, it uses the splines of education in the earning function to examine the additional earnings associated with extra school years at different levels. Third, this study investigates the role of some important factors su ch as, technical training, school quality, and literacy and numeracy skills on earnings for the first time.4 The rest of the paper is organised as follows parting 2 presents an overview of the education sector. Section 3 outlines the model for empirical estimation and describes data. Section 4 reports the results. Conclusions and insurance policy Implications are presented in the last Section. II. The Education Sector in Pakistan An Overview Education plays an important role in human capital formation. It raises the productivity and efficiency of individuals and thus produces skilled manpower that is capable of leading the economy towards the path of sustainable economic development.Like many other developing countries, the situation of the education sector in Pakistan is not very encouraging. The low enrolment rates at the primary level, wide disparities between regions and gender, lack of trained teachers, deficiency of proper teaching materials and execrable physical nucleot ide of schools indicate the poor performance of this sector. The overall literacy rate for 1997-98 was estimated at 40 percent 51 percent for males and 28 percent for females 60 percent in urban areas and 30 percent in boorish areas. These rates are still among the lowest in the world.Due to various measures in recent years, the enrolment rates have increased considerably. However, the high drop-out rate could not be controlled at primary level. Moreover, under-utilisation of the existing educational infrastructure rump be seen through low student-institution ratio, (almost 18 students per class per institution) low teacher-institution ratio (2 teachers per institution) and high studentteacher ratio (46 students per teacher). The extremely low levels of public investment are the major draw of the poor performance of Pakistans education sector.Public expenditure on education remained less than 2 percent of GNP sooner 1984-85. In recent years it has increased to 2. 2 percent. In a ddition, the allocation of government funds is skewed towards higher education so that the benefits of public subsidy on education are largely reaped by the upper income class. Many of the highly educated 5 go abroad either for higher education or in search of better job opportunities. Most of them do not return and cause a large public loss. After mid-1980s, each government announced special programs for the improvement of the education sector.However, due to the political instability, none of these programs could achieve their targets. The Social Action Program was launched in early mid-nineties to address the imbalances in the social sector. This program aims to enhance education to improve school environment by providing trained teachers, teaching aids and quality text books and to reduce gender and regional disparities. The Phase-I of SAP (1993-96) has been completed and Phase-II is in progress. The gains from the Phase-I are still deba tabularise because the improvement in e nrolment ratio has not been corroborate by the independent sources.Irrespective of this outcome, government has started work on Phase-II of SAP. In this Phase, government is wearing special attention to promote technical and vocational education, expanding higher education in public as tumesce as in the private sector, enhancing computer literacy, promoting scientific education, and improving curriculum for schools and teachers training institutions in addition to promoting primary and secondary education. Due to low levels of educational attainment and lack of technical and vocational education, Pakistans labour market is dominated by less educated and unskilled manpower.A considerable rise in the number of educational institutions and enrolment after 1980s is not yet reflected in Pakistans labour market. This might be due to the fact that most of the bachelors and masters degree programmes emphasise only on academic education without developing specific skills. The sluggish co llect for the alumnuss of these programs in the job markets leads to unemployment among the educated and the job market remains dominated by the less educated. In this scenario, it becomes important to explore the role of education for the economic benefit of individuals.6 III. Theoretical Model and bringing close together Methodology We start with the human capital model developed by Becker (1964) and Mincer (1974) where natural log of monthly earnings are the linear function of completed school years, welcome and its square. In numeric form the equation can be written as ln Wi = ? 0 + ? 1 EDU i + ? 2 EXPi + ? 3 ( EXPi ) 2 + Ui (1) where ln Wi stands for natural logarithm of monthly earnings, EDUi represents completed years of schooling, and EXPi is the labor market cause of ith individual.?1 implies the marginal rate of return to schooling. A positive cheer of ? 2 and negative value of ? 3 reflects the concavity of the earning function with respect to perplex. Ui is the err or term, assumed to be normally and identically distributed. It has been argued in the literature that different school years impart different skills and hence affect earnings differently. Therefore, it is deceptive to assume a uniform rate of return for all educational levels. Most of the previous studies used dummy variables to capture the effect of different levels of education.In order to examine the effect of school years at different levels of education, van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) divided the years of schooling according to the school systems of Cote d Ivore. as well as Khandker (1990) also used years of primary, secondary and post-secondary schooling in wage function for Peru. Both studies found meaningful disagreements in returns to education at different levels of education. Following van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989), we divide the school years into seven categories according to the education system of Pakistan.In Pakistan, the primary education consists of 5 years of schooling middle requires 3 more years and by completing 2 more years of schooling after middle, an individual obtains a secondary school security i. e., Matric. After matric , i. e. , 10 years of schooling, students have a choice between technical and formal education. Technical education 7 can be obtained from technical institutions which award diploma after 3 years of education while the certificate of intermediate can be obtained after two years of formal education.After the completion of intermediate certificate, students can enter either in the professional colleges for four years or in non-professional bachelors degree program for two years in a college. Those who choose non-professional degree can pursue their studies in a university for masters for two more years. At this stage the graduates of professional and non-professional colleges complete 16 years of education. They can now proceed to the M. Phil. or Ph. D. degrees. In order to examine the returns to educat ion at different splines of education, we estimate the following extended earning function. ln Wi = ? 0 + ? 1Yrs Pr imi + ?2 YrsMid i + ? 3YrsMati + ? 4 YrsInteri + ? 5 YrsBAi + (2) ? 6 Yrs Pr of i + ? 7 EXPi + ? 8 ( EXPi ) 2 + Ui where YrsPrim, YrsMid, YrsMat YrsInter YrsBA Yrs professor are defined as YrsPrim = D5EDUi YrsMid = D8EDUi YrsMat = D10EDUi YrsInter = D12EDUi YrsBA = D14EDUi YrsProf = D16EDUi where D5 = 1 if where D8 = 1 if where D10 = 1 if where D12 = 1 if where D14 = 1 if where D16 = 1 if 0 EDU ? 5 5 EDU ? 8 8 EDU ? 10 10 EDU ? 12 12 EDU ? 14 EDU 14 The coefficients associated with YrsPrim, YrsMid, YrsMat YrsInter YrsBA YrsProf in equation 2 imply an increase in income with one year increase in education at respective levels.For example, the returns to five completed years of education at primary level will be 5*? 1. Similarly, the returns to for six, seven and octonary of education will be 5*? 1+? 2, 5*? 1+2? 2, and 5*? 1+3? 2 respectively. On the same lines we can compute the returns to education at each level as 8 Returns to Primary =5*? 1 Returns to Middle =5*? 1+3*? 2 Returns to Matric= 5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 Returns to Intermediate=5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 Returns to Bachelors =5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 +2*? 5 Returns to MA/Prof=5*? 1+3*? 2+2*? 3 +2*? 4 +2*? 5 +2*?6 The data are drawn from the nationally representative Pakistan integrated Household Survey 1995-96. In order to assess the performance of the Social Action Programme (SAP), the government of Pakistan has launched the series of Pakistan Integrated Household Surveys (PIHS), a collaborative nation wide data collection effort undertaken by the federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS). So far two orotunds have been completed. The first round of the PIHS is different from other round on two counts. Firstly, the information on employment and take is available only in this round.Secondly, only 33 percent of the sample used in the first round is being repeated in the subsequent rounds. This im plies that all of these rounds are independent cross-section data sets and can not be the right way linked with each other to be used as panel data. Therefore, the appropriate sample can only be drawn from the first round of PIHS. This round was conducted in 1995-96, which covers 12,622 households and more than 84,000 individuals. The 1995-96 PIHS provides a detailed information on completed school years5. In addition, this survey contains information on age started school.This information is particularly important for our study to calculate the potential experience of a worker. The indicator for experience used by Mincer (1974) is a good proxy for U. S. workers as they start school at the uniform age of six years6. However, this assumption does not hold in Pakistan, as in this country there is no uniform age to start school. In urban areas, children as young as three years start going to school whereas in rural 5 This is the only nation-wide data set that provides this particular information.Similarly no other survey contains information on public and private school attendence and year starting school. 6 Mincer defined experience as (Age-education-6). 9 areas the school starting age is higher. 7 This information enables us to construct potential experience as (age-schools years-age starting school). Although experience is still a proxy for genuine experience but it is relatively better measure than age and the Mincer fictional character potential experience. In addition to education and experience, various other factors, such as quality of schooling, technical training and quality of schooling have remarkable reach on earning8.It has been argued that because of the market-oriented approach adopted by the private schools, the graduates of these schools earn more as compared to the graduates of public schools9. According to clog dancing (1992), Behrman, Ross, Sabot and Tropp (1994), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996a), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and S abot (1996b), and Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997), the quality of education has positive, significant and substantial impact on cognitive achievements and hence on post school productivity, measured by earnings.These studies observed higher earnings of the graduates of high quality school than those who attended a low quality school. A recent study by Nasir (1999) found considerably higher earnings for the private school graduates. These schools, stock-still, charge higher fees. Estimates of average yearly expenditure per pupil in both government and private schools indicates that the match bell of primary level in rural areas is Rs. 437 (Rs 355 for government schools and Rs. 1252 for private schools), compared with Rs. 2038 in urban areas (Rs.1315 for government and Rs. 3478 for private schools).This means that the cost of primary schooling is almost three generation that of public schools in urban 7 The electric receptacle of age starting school has been highlighted by A shraf and Ashraf (1993) and because of the nonavailability of this information, they used age as proxy for experience. 8 butt against Summers and Wolf (1977) Rizzuto and Wachtel (1980) Behrman and Birdsall (1983) Booissiere, Knight and Sabot (1985) Knight and Sabot (1990)Behrman, Ross, Sabot, and Tropp (1994) Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997).9 Various studies found the say-so of private schools to acquire cognitive skills Colemen, Hoffer and Kilgore (1982) and Jimenez, Lockheed, Luna and Paqueo (1989). For Pakistan, Sabot (1992), Behrman, Ross, Sabot and Tropp (1994), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996a), Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996b), and Behrman, Khan, Ross and Sabot (1997) found a significant variation in the cognitive skills among children with same number of school years. These studies conclude that some of the differences are due to the family characteristics while some are due to the quality of schooling.10areas and nearly four times in rural areas. The differences in cost of schooling also reflect the degree of quality differentials in public and private schools, and between urban and rural schools. A relatively better provision of school facilities and quality of education in private schools is causing a continuous rise in school enrolment in urban areas Mehmood (1999) page 20. The PIHS provides information on the type of school attended10. On the rump of this information we can identify workers according to the school they attended and therefore examine the effect of type of school on individual earnings.In order to capture the quality of education an individual real, a dummy variable is included in the model that takes the value 1 if individual is a graduate of private schools and 0 otherwise. The effect of post-school training on earning has been found positive and substantial in many developing countries see Jimenez and Kugler (1987) van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) Khandker (1990) and Nasir (1999). The PIHS contains inf ormation on years of technical training. This information helps us to examine the effect of technical training received on individual earnings.We use completed years of technical training as independent variable in the earning function. The existence of vast gender gap in human capital accumulation is evidenced by various studies in Pakistan11. The PIHS reports vast gender disparities in literacy and enrolment rates. The literacy rate among females is half than that of males literacy rate for whole Pakistan. This difference has increased to three-folds for rural areas. The gender difference is however smaller for the gross enrolment rate at primary level. For the higher levels of education, this difference 10.The coefficient of private school may also capture the effect of socio-economic background of workers. The data, however, does not contain such information, therefore we are unable to separate the effect of parental characteristics from the effect of private schools in workers earnings. 11 Sabot (1992) and Alderman, Behrman, Ross and Sabot (1996b) Sawada (1997) Shabbir (1993) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b, and 1996) 11 shows an increasing trend. Similarly vast gender gap has been observed in returns to education where males earn more than the female workers Ashraf and Ashraf (1993a, 1993b and 1996) and Nasir (1999).In order to capture the effect of gender, a dummy variable is introduced in the model that takes the value 1 for males and 0 otherwise. The regional imbalances in the provision of trammel available social services are more pronounced in Pakistan. Rural areas are not only underdeveloped in terms of physical infrastructure but also neglected in gaining basic amenities. Haq (1997) calculated the disaggregated human development index for Pakistan and its provinces. He noted that nearly 56 percent of population is deprived of basic amenities of life in Pakistan 58 percent in rural areas and 48 percent in urban areas.According to the 1995-96 P IHS, the literacy rate in urban areas is 57 percent and in rural areas it is 31 percent. The gross enrolment rate was noted 92 percent in urban areas and 68 percent in rural areas. Because of these differences low returns to education are observed in rural areas Shabbir (1993 and 1994) and Nasir (1999). To capture the effect of regional differences, a dummy variable is used that takes the value 1 if individual lives in urban areas and zero otherwise. The four provinces of Pakistan exhibit different characteristics in terms of economic as well as social and cultural values.Significant provincial differentials in rates of returns to education have been noted that reflect not only the differences in market opportunities but also indicate uneven expansion of social services crossways provinces Khan and Irfan (1985) Shabbir and Khan (1991) Shabbir (1993) Shabbir (1994) and Haq (1997). The effects of these differences are captured through the use of dummy variables for each province in t he earning function, Sindh being the excluded category. 12 For the purpose of analysis we restrict our sample to wage earners and salaried persons. Our sample contains 4828 individuals.Among them, 4375 are males and 453 are females. Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics of some of the striking features of the important variables. According to the statistics in table 1, average age of the individuals included in the sample is 34 years with 18 years of experience. A typical worker in the sample has completed well-nigh 10 years of education. A majority is graduated from public schools. Most of the workers live in urban areas. On average an individual earns Rs. 3163 per month. In our sample, there are only 22 percent individuals who received technical training.The average years spent for training are less than one year. A majority of wage earners belong to Punjab, followed by Sindh and Balochistan. Table1 Mean, Standard Deviation and Brief Definitions of Important Variables Vari ables W Age EDU EXP RWA phallic Urban Private Training Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Mean SD Variables Definitions 3163. 34 3397. 39 Individuals monthly earnings in rupees consist of wages and salaries. 34. 07 12. 36 Age of an individual in years. 9. 53 4. 36 Completed years of schooling. 18. 14 11. 80 Total Years of labour market experience calculated as (age-school years-age starting school).2. 37 1. 07 Categorical variables, contains 4 categories of literacy and numeracy. 0. 91 0. 29 dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual is male. 0. 60 0. 49 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to urban area 0. 04 0. 19 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual is a graduate of private school 0. 35 0. 87 Completed years of technical training 0. 38 0. 49 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Punjab 0. 31 0. 46 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Sindh 0. 15 0. 36 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to NWFP 0. 1 6 0.36 Dichotomous variable equal to 1 if individual belongs to Balochistan 13 IV. Empirical Results The estimated results of equation 1 and equation 2 are report in table 2. The highly significant coefficients of school years and experience indicate the applicability of human capital model for Pakistan. An additional year of schooling raises individuals monthly income by 7. 3 percent, which is very close to the prior studies. 12 13 The coefficient of experience shows substantial increase in wages with each additional year. The concavity of age-earnings profile is evident from the negative and significant coefficient of experience squared.The results reveal that an individual with five years of experience earns 31 percent higher wages as compared to non-experience worker. The highest level of earnings is achieved with approximately 30 years of experience. These estimates are relatively low compared to prior studies14. The positive and significant coefficients of gender (0. 401) and regional dummies (0. 178) strengthens the a priori expectation that males earn more than females and earnings are higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas. These estimates are consistent with earlier studies see Arshaf and Ashraf (1993), Khan and Irfan (1985).Furthermore, significant inter-provincial differences in individuals earnings can be observed in the estimated model. Many studies indicate substantial differences in earnings across school levels. For example, van der Gaag and Vijverberg (1989) noted that an increase of one year in elementary, high and university education causes an increase of 12 percent, 20 percent and 22 percent respectively in 12 The estimated coefficients of school years by Shabbir and Khan (1991), Shabbir (1991), Shabbir (1993) and Shabbir (1994) are found to be in the range of 6 percent to 9.7 percent. 13 The returns to education are calculated by taking the anti-log of 0. 092 (estimated coefficient of completed school years) and subtracting fro m 1. To change into percentage, multiply the value by 100. For details, please see Gujrati (1988) page 149. 14 The difference in the returns to experience could be due to the approach adopted by these studies. Most of the studies used age as a proxy for experience see for example Khan and Irfan (1985) Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) and Nasir (1999). Shabbir (1991) used the Mincerian approach to calculate experience.The present study uses actual age of starting school and actual years of education. These information enable us to calculate total years of labor market experience. This approach is also not the perfect alternative for actual experience, as we do not have information about the starting time of the first job. But when compared with other approaches, it is more precise in measuring experience. 14 earnings. In order to examine the returns to education across different school years, we include the information on schooling according to the education system of Pakistan (equation 2). The results inform in column 3 of table 2 show a positive and significant impact of school years at each educational level on earnings. For example, an increase of one year in education at primary level increases the earnings by 3 percent. Similarly, at middle level, one year of schooling brings about an increase of 4 percent in earnings and the total returns to schooling at middle level are 27 percent. Table 2 Earning Function with and without Levels of Education Variables Coefficient s 6. 122 0. 072* 0. 058* -0. 001* 0. 178* 0. 401* 0. 127* -0. 113* -0. 203* 0. 412 t-ratios Coefficient s 6. 380 0. 058* -0.001* 0. 150* 0. 264* 0. 098* -0. 112* -0. 166* 0. 027** 0. 040* 0. 050* 0. 057* 0. 071* 0. 082* 0. 429 t-ratios Coefficient s 6. 342 0. 058* -0. 001* 0. 152* 0. 262* 0. 096* -0. 108* -0. 164* 0. 052* 0. 007 0. 025* 0. 038* 0. 047* 0. 063* 0. 075* 0. 429 t-ratios Constant EDU EXP EXP2 Urban Male Balochistan NWFP Punjab RWA Yrs-Prim Yrs-Mid Yrs-Mat Yrs-Inter Yrs-BA Yrs-Prof Adj R2 148. 91 46. 71 26. 49 -19. 20 10. 31 13. 98 4. 94 -4. 34 -10. 21 92. 03 23. 85 -16. 84 7. 87 8. 15 3. 40 -4. 06 -7. 75 2. 03 5. 07 8. 69 11. 41 16. 85 21. 98 89. 25 23. 84 -16. 88 7. 98 8. 09 3. 32 -3. 91 -7. 63 2. 41 0. 45 2.45 5. 02 7. 28 11. 47 15. 57 * significant at 99 percent level. ** significant at 95 percent level. One can note higher returns of additional year of schooling for higher educational levels from this table. For example, the returns to masters and professional education (Yrs-Prof) are more than five- 15 times higher than that of primary school years (Yrs-Prim). The results exhibit a difference of 15 percent between primary graduates and illiterates, the excluded category. This category includes illiterates as well as all those who have not obtained any formal schooling but have literacy and numeracy skills15.To further explore the earning differential between primary school graduates and those who never attended school but have literacy and numeracy skills, we have constructed an index RWA that separates illiterates from those who have literacy and numeracy skills. This index takes the value zero if individual does not have any skill 1 if individual has only one skill 2 if individual has two skills and 3 if individual has all three skills. We re-estimated equation 2 with this new variable and the results are reported in column 5 of table 2.According to our expectations, the coefficient of RWA is found not only large (0. 05) in magnitude but also statistically significant at 99 percent level. This indicates that the individuals with all three skills earn 15 percent more than those who have no skill. On the other hand, the coefficient of Yrs-Prim dropped to 0. 007 and became insignificant16. The differential in the earnings of illiterates and those having five years of primary education was 15 percent (0. 03*5=0. 15). This differential however, reduced to approximately 9 percent (0. 007*5+0. 053=8.8) when we include those who have no for mal education but have literacy and numeracy skills. These high returns to cognitive skills indicates the willingness of employer to pay higher wages to the able workers as compared to those who have five or less years of schooling but do not have these skills. Now we examine the effect of technical training and quality of schooling on earnings, first in separate equations and then in a single equation. The impact of technical training on earnings is examined by including years of apprenticeship as continuous variable in our model.The results are reported in column 1 of table 3. The results show a positive and significant impact of technical 15 There are 48 wage earners in our sample who have education less than primary but do not have any of these skill. Whereas we found 76 wage earners who do not have any formal education but have at least one of these skills. 16 This result is consistent with van der Gaag and Vijierberg (1989). 16 Table 3 Earning Functions allude of Technical T raining and School Quality (Separate Functions) Variables Constant EDU EXP EXP2 Urban Male Balochistan NWFP Punjab Tra.